ORDER BY clause

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    The ORDER BY clause sorts the result-set by one or more columns, in ascending or descending order.

    Purpose

    In a SELECT statement, the ORDER BY clause sorts the result-set in ascending or descending order, based on one or more fields or expressions of those fields in the projection.

    Prerequisites

    For you to select data from a document or keyspace, you must have the query_select privilege on the document or keyspace. For more details about user roles, see Authorization.

    Syntax

    order-by-clause ::= 'ORDER' 'BY' ordering-term ( ',' ordering-term )*
    Syntax diagram

    Ordering Term

    ordering-term ::= expr ( 'ASC' | 'DESC' )? ( 'NULLS' ( 'FIRST' | 'LAST' ) )?
    Syntax diagram

    Collation

    The collation clause determines the order of the search.

    ASC

    The results are ordered in ascending order.

    DESC

    The results are ordered in descending order.

    If the collation clause is missing, the default is ASC.

    Nulls Ordering

    The nulls ordering clause determines how NULL or MISSING values are treated when ordering the results:

    NULLS FIRST

    If any results evaluate to NULL or MISSING, those results ordered first.

    NULLS LAST

    If any results evaluate to NULL or MISSING, those results are ordered last.

    If the nulls ordering clause is omitted, the default is NULLS FIRST for an ascending search with ASC, or NULLS LAST for a descending search with DESC.

    Arguments

    expr

    [Required] The identifier or expression by which to order the query results. This may be a document field, a new expression, or an alias in the SELECT clause.

    Return Values

    If no ORDER BY clause is specified, the order in which the result objects are returned is undefined.

    Objects are sorted first by the left-most expression in the list of expressions. Any items with the same sort value will be sorted with the next expression in the list. This process repeats until all items are sorted and all expressions in the list are evaluated.

    When a field has a mix of data types, the different JSON types are sorted in the following order, from first to last:

    ASC NULLS FIRST ASC NULLS LAST DESC NULLS FIRST DESC NULLS LAST

    MISSING

    FALSE

    NULL

    BINARY

    NULL

    TRUE

    MISSING

    OBJECT

    FALSE

    NUMBER

    BINARY

    ARRAY

    TRUE

    STRING

    OBJECT

    STRING

    NUMBER

    ARRAY

    ARRAY

    NUMBER

    STRING

    OBJECT

    STRING

    TRUE

    ARRAY

    BINARY

    NUMBER

    FALSE

    OBJECT

    MISSING

    TRUE

    NULL

    BINARY

    NULL

    FALSE

    MISSING

    • NULL values include JSON NULL.

    • String comparison is done using a raw byte collation of UTF8 encoded strings. The ascending order is lowercase, then uppercase, then accented letters.

    • Arrays are sorted in order of the first element in each array, then the second element in each array, and so on. In an ascending sort, longer arrays are sorted after shorter arrays, where all the elements are equal as far as the end of the shorter array.

    • Objects are first sorted in order of size. In an ascending sort, larger objects are sorted after shorter objects. Where objects are the same size, objects are sorted in order of the first key in each object, then the first value in each object, then the second key in each object, then the second value in each object, and so on.

    • SQL++ always sorts the key-value pairs within each object by key in ascending string order before comparison or ordering.

    Examples

    Example 1. List cities in descending order and then landmarks in ascending order
    SELECT city, name
    FROM landmark
    ORDER BY city DESC, name ASC
    LIMIT 5;
    Results:
    [
      {
        "city": "Évreux",
        "name": "Cafe des Arts"
      },
      {
        "city": "Épinal",
        "name": "Marché Couvert (covered market)"
      },
      {
        "city": "Épinal",
        "name": "Musée de l'Image/Imagerie d'Épinal"
      },
      {
        "city": "Yosemite Valley",
        "name": "Lower Yosemite Fall"
      },
      {
        "city": "Yosemite Valley",
        "name": "Mirror Lake/Meadow"
      }
    ]
    Example 2. List the names of hotels and landmarks resulting from a UNION query
    SELECT name AS sort, type
      FROM landmark
    UNION SELECT name AS sort, type
      FROM hotel
    ORDER BY sort ASC
    LIMIT 5;
    Results:
    [
      {
        "sort": ""Hippie Temptation" house",
        "type": "landmark"
      },
      {
        "sort": "'La Mirande Hotel",
        "type": "hotel"
      },
      {
        "sort": "'The Argyll Arms Hotel",
        "type": "landmark"
      },
      {
        "sort": "'Visit the Hut of the Shadows and other End of the Road sculptures",
        "type": "landmark"
      },
      {
        "sort": "02 Shepherd's Bush Empire",
        "type": "landmark"
      }
    ]

    Note that the name field in the first SELECT statement and the name field in the second SELECT statement give two different result expressions, so you cannot use the name field to order all the results of the UNION query together. To do this, you must give the name fields in the two SELECT statements an identical alias, and order the results by that alias.