--- title: User-Defined Functions description: You can call a user-defined function in any expression where you can call a built-in function. pubDate: 2026-08-17T09:53:44.266Z antora: editUrl: https://github.com/couchbaselabs/docs-devex/edit/release/7.2/modules/n1ql/pages/n1ql-language-reference/userfun.adoc xref: xref:7.2@server:n1ql:n1ql-language-reference/userfun.adoc[] --- [Consult the llms.txt file for a full list of contents](/llms.txt) [View original HTML](/server/7.2/n1ql/n1ql-language-reference/userfun.html) # User-Defined Functions > You can call a user-defined function in any expression where you can call a built-in function. ## [](#rbac-privileges)RBAC Privileges To execute global internal functions, you must have the **Execute Global Functions** role. To execute scoped internal functions, you must have the **Execute Scope Functions** role, with permissions on the specified bucket and scope. To execute global external functions, you must have the **Execute Global External Functions** role. To execute scoped external functions, you must have the **Execute Scope External Functions** role, with permissions on the specified bucket and scope. For more details about user roles, see [Authorization](../../learn/security/authorization-overview.md). ## [](#description)Description When you have created a user-defined function, you can call it in any expression, just like a built-in function. User-defined functions have the same syntax as built-in functions, with brackets `()` to contain any arguments. The name of the function is usually an unqualified identifier, such as `func1` or `` `func-1` ``. In this case, the path to the function is determined by the current [query context](../n1ql-intro/queriesandresults.md#query-context). To call a global function in a particular namespace, the function name must be a qualified identifier with a namespace, such as `default:func1`. Similarly, to call a scoped function in a particular scope, the function name must be a qualified identifier with the full path to a scope, such as `` default:`travel-sample`.inventory.func1 ``. Refer to [Global Functions and Scoped Functions](createfunction.md#context) for more details. > [!NOTE] > The name of a user-defined function _is_ case-sensitive, unlike that of a built-in function. You must call the user-defined function using the same case that was used when it was created. It is not possible to call a user-defined function in an expression if the function has side effects, such as performing mutations. When you do this, an error is generated. ## [](#arguments)Arguments A user-defined function has zero, one, or more arguments, separated by commas, just like a built-in function. Each argument is a SQL++ expression required by the function. If the function was created with named parameters, you must supply all the arguments that were specified when the function was created. If the function was created without named parameters, you cannot supply an argument. If the function is variadic, you can supply as many arguments as needed, or none. ## [](#return-value)Return Value The function returns one value, of any valid N1QL type. The result (and the data type of the result) depend on the expression or code that were used to define the function. If you supply the wrong number of arguments, or arguments with the wrong data type, the possible results differ, depending on whether the function is variadic, or requires a definite number of arguments. If the function requires a definite number of arguments: * If you do not supply enough arguments, the function generates error `10104: Incorrect number of arguments`. * If you supply too many arguments, the function generates error `10104: Incorrect number of arguments`. * If any of the arguments have the wrong data type, the function may return unexpected results, depending on the function expression or code. If the function is variadic: * If you do not supply enough arguments, the function may return unexpected results, depending on the function expression or code. * If you supply too many arguments, the extra parameters are ignored. * If any of the arguments have the wrong data type, the function may return unexpected results, depending on the function expression or code. ## [](#examples)Examples Refer to [CREATE FUNCTION](createfunction.md) for details on creating user-defined functions. For simplicity, none of these examples implement any data validation or error checking. If necessary, you can use [conditional operators](conditionalops.md) to check the parameters of a user-defined function, and the [ABORT()](metafun.md#abort) function to generate an error if something is wrong. To use the examples on this page, you must set the query context to the `inventory` scope in the travel sample dataset. For more information, see [Query Context](../n1ql-intro/queriesandresults.md#query-context). Example 1\. Inline function with expression The following statement creates a function called `to_meters`, which converts feet to meters. ```sqlpp CREATE FUNCTION to_meters(...) { args[0] * 0.3048 }; ``` The following query uses the `to_meters` function to express the elevation of the selected airports in meters above mean sea level (mamsl). The built-in ROUND function is used to round the output to zero decimal places. Query ```sqlpp SELECT airportname, ROUND(to_meters(geo.alt)) AS mamsl FROM airport LIMIT 5; ``` Result ```json [ { "airportname": "Calais Dunkerque", "mamsl": 4 }, { "airportname": "Peronne St Quentin", "mamsl": 90 }, { "airportname": "Les Loges", "mamsl": 130 }, { "airportname": "Couterne", "mamsl": 219 }, { "airportname": "Bray", "mamsl": 111 } ] ``` Example 2\. Inline function with subquery The following statement creates a function called `locations`, which selects name and address information from all documents with the specified activity in the `landmark` keyspace. ```sqlpp CREATE FUNCTION locations(vActivity) { ( SELECT id, name, address, city FROM landmark WHERE activity = vActivity) }; ``` The following query uses the `locations` function as the FROM term in a SELECT query. Compare this query with [Example 2 in FROM Subquery](from.md#ex-subquery-1). Query ```sqlpp SELECT l.name, l.city FROM locations("eat") AS l WHERE l.city = "Gillingham"; ``` Result ```json [ { "city": "Gillingham", "name": "Hollywood Bowl" }, { "city": "Gillingham", "name": "Thai Won Mien" }, { "city": "Gillingham", "name": "Spice Court" }, { "city": "Gillingham", "name": "Beijing Inn" }, { "city": "Gillingham", "name": "Ossie's Fish and Chips" } ] ``` Example 3\. External functions For this example, it is assumed that you have created two external functions: 1. A function called `geohash`, which depends on the JavaScript `encodeGeoHash` function in the `geohash-js` library; 2. A function called `adjacent`, which depends on the JavaScript `calculateAdjacent` function in the `geohash-js` library. Refer to [Example 7 in CREATE FUNCTION](createfunction.md#ex-external) for details. The following query uses the `geohash` and `adjacent` functions to find the 9-figure geohash of the selected hotel, and the geohashes immediately to the north, south, west, and east. Query ```sqlpp SELECT area, adjacent(area, "top") AS north, adjacent(area, "bottom") AS south, adjacent(area, "left") AS west, adjacent(area, "right") AS east FROM hotel LET area = SUBSTR(geohash(geo.lat, geo.lon), 0, 9) WHERE name = "Sachas Hotel"; ``` Result ```json [ { "area": "gcw2m05h1", "east": "gcw2m05h4", "north": "gcw2m05h3", "south": "gcw2m055c", "west": "gcw2m05h0" } ] ``` To view the first geohash on a map, go to and follow one of the links provided. You can view the other geohashes by editing the URL. At the latitude of the selected hotel, each geohash represents an area of approximately 3 𐄂 5 meters. ## [](#related-links)Related Links * To create user-defined functions, refer to [CREATE FUNCTION](createfunction.md). * To execute user-defined functions, refer to [EXECUTE FUNCTION](execfunction.md). * To view user-defined functions, refer to [Monitor Queries](../../manage/monitor/monitoring-n1ql-query.md#sys-functions). * To drop user-defined functions, refer to [DROP FUNCTION](dropfunction.md).