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Grouping and Aggregate Pushdown

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      N1QL Pushdowns optimize the performance of N1QL queries by supporting grouping and aggregate expressions.

      Overview

      Grouping and aggregate pushdown improves the performance of N1QL queries with groupings and aggregations.

      After the optimizer selects an index for a query block, it attempts the two optimizations below:

      • Pagination optimization, by pushing the OFFSET and LIMIT parameters to the index scan.

      • Grouping and aggregate pushdown to the indexer (introduced in Couchbase 5.5).

      Prior to Couchbase Server 5.5, when a query contained aggregation and/or grouping, the query engine would fetch all relevant data from the indexer and group the data itself, even if the query was covered by an index. With Couchbase Server 5.5 (Enterprise Edition) and later, the query intelligently requests the indexer to perform grouping and aggregation in addition to range scan. The Indexer has been enhanced to perform grouping, COUNT(), SUM(), MIN(), MAX(), AVG(), and related operations.

      You do not need to make any changes to the query to use this feature, but a good index design is required to cover the query and order the keys. Not every query will benefit from this optimization, and not every index can accelerate every grouping and aggregation. Understanding the right patterns will help you to design your indexes and queries. Grouping and aggregate pushdown is supported on both storage engines: Standard GSI and Memory Optimized GSI (MOI).

      This reduction step reduces the amount of data transfer and disk I/O, resulting in:

      • Improved query response time

      • Improved resource utilization

      • Low latency

      • High scalability

      • Low TCO

      Let’s compare query performance with and without grouping and aggregate pushdown. Consider the following generic example index and query:

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON keyspace_ref (a);
      
      SELECT a, aggregate_function(a)
      FROM keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY a;

      Without grouping and aggregate pushdown, the query engine fetches relevant data from the indexer, and then the query engine groups and aggregates the data, as shown in the typical query execution plan below.

      Execution plan with 6 steps: Authorize, IndexScan3, Filter, Group, Project with 2 terms, and Stream

      With grouping and aggregate pushdown, the query uses the same index, but the indexer does the grouping and aggregation as well. In the typical query execution plan below, you can see fewer steps, and note the lack of the grouping step after the index scan.

      Execution plan with 4 items: Authorize, IndexScan3, Project with 2 terms, and Stream

      With grouping and aggregate pushdown, this simple generic query typically executes in less than a third of the time. As the data and query complexity grows, the performance benefit (both latency and throughput) will grow as well.

      The query plan shows the accelerated aggregation details. For details, see Appendix: Query Plan Fields.

      Here’s how a query executes when the indexer handles the grouping and aggregation. Note that the query engine does not fetch any data from the data service (KV service).

      GBAP 55execution

      For reference, this is how the same query would be executed without grouping and aggregate pushdown.

      GBAP pre55execution

      Examples for Grouping and Aggregation

      Let’s consider a composite index to explore some scenarios:

      Example A
      CREATE INDEX idx_grp_add ON `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      (geo.alt, geo.lat, geo.lon, id);

      Let’s consider sample queries that can benefit from this optimization and the queries that cannot.

      Positive Case examples of queries that use indexing grouping and aggregation
      SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport WHERE geo.alt > 10;
      
      SELECT COUNT(geo.alt) FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE geo.alt BETWEEN 10 AND 30;
      
      SELECT COUNT(geo.lat) FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE geo.alt BETWEEN 10 AND 30 AND geo.lat = 40;
      
      SELECT geo.alt, AVG(id), SUM(id), COUNT(geo.alt), MIN (geo.lon), MAX(ABS(geo.lon))
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport WHERE geo.alt > 100 GROUP BY geo.alt;
      
      SELECT lat_count, SUM(id) FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE geo.alt > 100 GROUP BY geo.alt
      LETTING lat_count = COUNT(geo.lat) HAVING lat_count > 1;
      
      SELECT AVG(DISTINCT geo.lat) FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE geo.alt > 100 GROUP BY geo.alt;
      
      SELECT ARRAY_AGG(geo.alt) FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE geo.alt > 10;
      Negative Case examples
      SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport WHERE geo.lat > 20;

      This query has no predicate on the leading key geo.alt. The index idx_grp_add cannot be used.

      SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport;

      This query has no predicate at all.

      SELECT COUNT(v1) FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      LET v1 = ROUND(geo.lat) WHERE geo.lat > 10;

      The aggregate depends on LET variable.

      Positive query examples with GROUP BY on leading index keys

      The following example uses the idx_grp_add index defined previously:

      Example B
      CREATE INDEX idx_grp_add ON `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      (geo.alt, geo.lat, geo.lon, id);

      In the following query, the GROUP BY keys (geo.alt, geo.lat) are the leading keys of the index, so the index is naturally ordered and grouped by the order of the index key definition. Therefore, the query below is suitable for indexer to handle grouping and aggregation.

      SELECT geo.alt, geo.lat, SUM(geo.lon), AVG(id), COUNT(DISTINCT geo.lon)
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE geo.alt BETWEEN 10 AND 30
      GROUP BY geo.alt, geo.lat
      HAVING SUM(geo.lon) > 1000;

      The query plan shows that the index scan handles grouping and aggregation:

      Visual plan with three steps: IndexScan3 using idx_grp_add, Filter, and Project with 5 terms

      Positive query examples with GROUP BY on non-leading index keys

      The following example uses the idx_grp_add index defined previously:

      Example C
      CREATE INDEX idx_grp_add ON `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      (geo.alt, geo.lat, geo.lon, id);
      
      SELECT geo.lat, id, SUM(geo.lon)
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE geo.alt BETWEEN 10 AND 30
      GROUP BY geo.lat, id
      HAVING SUM(geo.lon) > 1000;

      In this case, the indexer sends partial group aggregation, which the query merges to create the final group and aggregation. In this scenario (when the grouping is on non-leading keys), any query with aggregation and DISTINCT modifier cannot be accelerated by the indexer, such as COUNT(DISTINCT id).

      Visual plan with 4 steps: IndexScan3 using idx_grp_add, Group, Filter, and Project with 3 terms

      Positive query examples on array indexes with GROUP BY on leading index keys

      Consider the following index and query:

      Example D
      CREATE INDEX idx_grp_add_distinct ON `travel-sample`.inventory.hotel
      (geo.lat, geo.lon, DISTINCT public_likes, id);
      
      SELECT geo.lat, geo.lon, SUM(id), AVG(id)
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.hotel
      WHERE geo.lat BETWEEN 10 AND 30
       AND geo.lon > 50
       AND ANY v IN public_likes SATISFIES  v = "%a%" END
      GROUP BY geo.lat, geo.lon
      HAVING SUM(id) > 100;

      In this case, the predicates are on the leading keys up to and including the array key. Therefore, indexer can efficiently do the grouping as seen by the optimal plan below. It’s important to note the array index key is created with a DISTINCT modifier (not the ALL modifier) to get this optimization and that the SATISFIES clause in the ANY predicate must be that of equality (that is, v = "%a%").

      Visual plan with 3 steps: IndexScan3 using idx_grp_add_distinct, Filter, and Project with 4 terms

      Consider the index and query:

      Example E
      CREATE INDEX idx_grp_add_all ON `travel-sample`.inventory.hotel
      (ALL public_likes, geo.lat, geo.lon, id);
      
      SELECT un, t.geo.lat, COUNT(un), AVG(t.geo.lat)
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.hotel AS t
       UNNEST t.public_likes AS un
      WHERE un > "J"
      GROUP BY un, t.geo.lat;

      In this case, the UNNEST operation can use the index because the leading ALL array key is the array being unwound. Note, the unwound operation repeats the parent document (hotel) and the t.geo.lat reference would have duplicates compared to the original hotel documents.

      Visual plan with two steps: IndexScan3 using idx_grp_add_all, and Project with 4 terms

      Query Qualification and Pushdown

      Not every GROUP BY and aggregate query can be handled by the indexer. Following are some simple rules that will help you to write the proper queries and design the required indexes to get the most of this feature.

      The following are necessary in order for an indexer to execute GROUP BY and aggregates:

      • All the query predicates are able to convert into ranges and able to push to indexer.

      • The whole query must be covered by an index.

        • For a query to be covered by an index, every attribute referenced in the query should be in one index.

        • Query should not have operations such as joins, subquery, or derived table queries.

      • GROUP BY keys and Aggregate expressions must be one of the following:

        • Index keys or document key

        • An expression based on index keys or document key

      • GROUP BY and aggregate expressions must be simple.

      Scenarios for Grouping and Aggregation

      Like any feature in a query language, there are subtle variations between each query and index that affects this optimization. We use the travel-sample bucket to illustrate both positive and negative use cases.

      The following table lists the scenarios and requirements for queries to request the indexer to do the grouping and acceleration. When the requirements are unmet, the query will fetch the relevant data and then do the grouping and acceleration as usual. No application changes are necessary. The query plan generated reflects this decision.

      GROUP BY on leading keys

      One of the common cases is to have both predicates and GROUP BY on leading keys of the index. First create the index so that the query is covered by the index. You can then think about the order of the keys.

      The query requires a predicate on leading keys to consider an index. The simplest predicate is IS NOT MISSING.

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON keyspace_ref (a, b, c);
      
      SELECT a, b, aggregate_function(c) (1)
      FROM keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING (2)
      GROUP BY a, b;
      1 Where aggregate_function(c) is MIN(c), MAX(c), COUNT(c), or SUM(c)
      2 1st index field must be in a WHERE clause
      Example 1. List the cities with the landmarks with the highest latitude

      Use the MAX() aggregate to find the highest landmark latitude in each state, group the results by country and state, and then sort in reverse order by the highest latitudes per state.

      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx1 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      (country, state, geo.lat);
      Query
      SELECT country, state, MAX(ROUND(geo.lat)) AS Max_Latitude
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      WHERE country IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY country, state
      ORDER BY Max_Latitude DESC;

      In this query, we need to give the predicate country IS NOT MISSING (or any WHERE clause) to ensure this index is selected for the query. Without a matching predicate, the query will use the primary index.

      Results
      [
        {
          "Max_Latitude": 60,
          "country": "United Kingdom",
          "state": null
        },
        {
          "Max_Latitude": 51,
          "country": "United Kingdom",
          "state": "England"
        },
        {
          "Max_Latitude": 50,
          "country": "France",
          "state": "Picardie"
        },
      ...
      ]
      Plan
      {
        "plan": {
          "#operator": "Sequence",
          "~children": [
            {
              "#operator": "Sequence",
              "~children": [
                {
                  "#operator": "IndexScan3",
                  "bucket": "travel-sample",
                  "covers": [
                    "cover ((`landmark`.`country`))",
                    "cover ((`landmark`.`state`))",
                    "cover (((`landmark`.`geo`).`lat`))",
                    "cover ((meta(`landmark`).`id`))",
                    "cover (max(round(cover (((`landmark`.`geo`).`lat`)))))"
                  ],
                  "index": "idx1",
                  "index_group_aggs": {
                    "aggregates": [
                      {
                        "aggregate": "MAX",
                        "depends": [
                          2
                        ],
                        "expr": "round(cover (((`landmark`.`geo`).`lat`)))",
                        "id": 4,
                        "keypos": -1
                      }
                    ],
                    "depends": [
                      0,
                      1,
                      2
                    ],
                    "group": [
                      {
                        "depends": [
                          0
                        ],
                        "expr": "cover ((`landmark`.`country`))",
                        "id": 0,
                        "keypos": 0
                      },
                      {
                        "depends": [
                          1
                        ],
                        "expr": "cover ((`landmark`.`state`))",
                        "id": 1,
                        "keypos": 1
                      }
                    ]
                  },
      ...
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      }

      The query plan shows that grouping is executed by the indexer. This is detailed in Table 2.

      GROUP BY on non-leading keys

      When using GROUP BY on a non-leading key:

      • The indexer will return pre-aggregated results.

      • Results can have duplicate or out-of-order groups. The N1QL indexer will do 2nd level of aggregation and compute the final result.

      • The N1QL indexer can pushdown only if the leading key has a predicate.

      To use Aggregate Pushdown, use the following syntax for the index and query statements:

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON keyspace_ref (a, b, c);
      Syntax A
      SELECT aggregate_function(a), b, aggregate_function(c)
      FROM keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY b;
      Syntax B
      SELECT aggregate_function(a), aggregate_function(b), c
      FROM keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY c;
      Example 2. List the states with their total number of landmarks and the lowest latitude of any landmark

      Use the COUNT() operator to find the total number of landmarks and use the MIN() operator to find the lowest landmark latitude in each state, group the results by state, and then sort in order by the lowest latitudes per state. This example uses the idx1 index defined previously:

      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx1 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      (country, state, geo.lat);
      Query
      SELECT COUNT(country) AS Total_landmarks, state, MIN(ROUND(geo.lat)) AS Min_Latitude
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      WHERE country IN ["France", "United States", "United Kingdom"]
      GROUP BY state
      ORDER BY Min_Latitude;
      Plan
      {
        "plan": {
          "#operator": "Sequence",
          "~children": [
            {
              "#operator": "Sequence",
              "~children": [
                {
                  "#operator": "IndexScan3",
                  "bucket": "travel-sample",
                  "covers": [
                    "cover ((`landmark`.`country`))",
                    "cover ((`landmark`.`state`))",
                    "cover (((`landmark`.`geo`).`lat`))",
                    "cover ((meta(`landmark`).`id`))",
                    "cover (count(cover ((`landmark`.`country`))))",
                    "cover (min(round(cover (((`landmark`.`geo`).`lat`)))))"
                  ],
                  "index": "idx1",
                  "index_group_aggs": {
                    "aggregates": [
                      {
                        "aggregate": "COUNT",
                        "depends": [
                          0
                        ],
                        "expr": "cover ((`landmark`.`country`))",
                        "id": 4,
                        "keypos": 0
                      },
                      {
                        "aggregate": "MIN",
                        "depends": [
                          2
                        ],
                        "expr": "round(cover (((`landmark`.`geo`).`lat`)))",
                        "id": 5,
                        "keypos": -1
                      }
                    ],
                    "depends": [
                      0,
                      1,
                      2
                    ],
                    "group": [
                      {
                        "depends": [
                          1
                        ],
                        "expr": "cover ((`landmark`.`state`))",
                        "id": 1,
                        "keypos": 1
                      }
                    ],
                    "partial": true (1)
                  },
      ...
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      }
      Query plan with 4 steps: IndexScan3 using idx1, Group, Project with 3 terms, and Order by Min Latitude
      Results
      [
        {
          "Min_Latitude": 33,
          "Total_landmarks": 1900,
          "state": "California"
        },
        {
          "Min_Latitude": 41,
          "Total_landmarks": 8,
          "state": "Corse"
        },
        {
          "Min_Latitude": 43,
          "Total_landmarks": 2208,
          "state": null
        },
      ...
      ]
      1 The "partial": true line means it was pre-aggregated.
      Example 3. List the number of landmarks by latitude and the state it’s in

      Use COUNT(country) for the total number of landmarks at each latitude. At a particular latitude, the state will be the same; but an aggregate function on it is needed, so MIN() or MAX() is used to return the original value.

      Query
      SELECT COUNT(country) Num_Landmarks, MIN(state) State_Name, ROUND(geo.lat) Latitude
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      WHERE country IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY ROUND(geo.lat)
      ORDER BY ROUND(geo.lat);
      Results
      [
        {
          "Latitude": 33,
          "Num_Landmarks": 227,
          "State_Name": "California"
        },
        {
          "Latitude": 34,
          "Num_Landmarks": 608,
          "State_Name": "California"
        },
        {
          "Latitude": 35,
          "Num_Landmarks": 27,
          "State_Name": "California"
        },
      ...
      ]

      GROUP BY keys in different CREATE INDEX order

      When using GROUP BY on keys in a different order than they appear in the CREATE INDEX statement, use the following syntax:

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON keyspace_ref(a, b, c);
      
      SELECT aggregate_function(c)
      FROM keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY b, a;
      Example 4. List the landmarks with the lowest longitude

      Like Example 1 with the GROUP BY fields swapped.

      Use the MIN() operator to find the lowest landmark longitude in each city, group the results by activity and city, and then sort in reverse order by the lowest longitudes per activity.

      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx3 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      (activity, city, geo.lon);
      Query
      SELECT activity, city, MIN(ROUND(geo.lon)) AS Min_Longitude
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      WHERE country IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY activity, city
      ORDER BY Min_Longitude, activity;
      Results
      [
        {
          "Min_Longitude": -124,
          "activity": "buy",
          "city": "Eureka"
        },
        {
          "Min_Longitude": -123,
          "activity": "eat",
          "city": "Santa Rosa"
        },
        {
          "Min_Longitude": -123,
          "activity": "eat",
          "city": "Sebastopol"
        },
        {
          "Min_Longitude": -123,
          "activity": "see",
          "city": "Sebastopol"
        },
      ...
      ]

      GROUP BY on expression

      When grouping on an expression or operation, the indexer will return pre-aggregated results whenever the GROUP BY and leading index keys are not an exact match.

      To use Aggregate Pushdown and avoid pre-aggregated results, use one of the two following syntaxes for the index and query statements:

      Syntax A: Field with an expression — GROUP BY and Index keys match
      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON keyspace_ref(a+b, b, c);
      
      SELECT aggregate_function(c)
      FROM keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY a+b;
      Syntax B: Operation on a field — GROUP BY and Index keys match
      CREATE INDEX idx_operation ON keyspace_ref (LOWER(a), b, c);
      
      SELECT aggregate_function(c)
      FROM keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY LOWER(a);

      For comparison, the below index and query combination will yield pre-aggregated results.

      Pre-aggregated Syntax — the GROUP BY and Index keys don’t match
      CREATE INDEX idx_operation ON keyspace_ref (a, b, c);
      
      SELECT aggregate_function(c)
      FROM keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY UPPER(a);
      Example 5. A field with an expression

      Let’s say the distance of a flight feels like "nothing" when it’s direct, but feels like the true distance when there is one layover. Then we can list and group by flight distances by calculating the distance multiplied by the stops it makes.

      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx4_expr ON `travel-sample`.inventory.route
      (ROUND(distance*stops), ROUND(distance), sourceairport);
      Query
      SELECT ROUND(distance*stops) AS Distance_Feels_Like,
             MAX(ROUND(distance)) AS Distance_True,
             COUNT(sourceairport) Number_of_Airports
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.route
      WHERE ROUND(distance*stops) IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY ROUND(distance*stops);
      Plan
      ...
              "index_group_aggs": {
                "aggregates": [
                  {
                    "aggregate": "COUNT",
                    "depends": [
                      2
                    ],
                    "expr": "cover ((`route`.`sourceairport`))",
                    "id": 4,
                    "keypos": 2
                  },
                  {
                    "aggregate": "MAX",
                    "depends": [
                      1
                    ],
                    "expr": "cover (round((`route`.`distance`)))",
                    "id": 5,
                    "keypos": 1
                  }
                ],
                "depends": [
                  0,
                  1,
                  2
                ],
                "group": [
                  {
                    "depends": [
                      0
                    ],
                    "expr": "cover (round(((`route`.`distance`) * (`route`.`stops`))))",
                    "id": 0,
                    "keypos": 0
                  }
                ]
              },
      ...
      Query plan with 2 steps: IndexScan3 using idx4_expr, and Project with 3 terms
      Results
      [
        {
          "Distance_Feels_Like": 0,
          "Distance_True": 13808,
          "Number_of_Airports": 24018
        },
        {
          "Distance_Feels_Like": 309,
          "Distance_True": 309,
          "Number_of_Airports": 1
        },
        {
          "Distance_Feels_Like": 1055,
          "Distance_True": 1055,
          "Number_of_Airports": 1
        },
      ...
      ]
      Example 6. An operation on a field

      Let’s say the distance of a flight feels like "nothing" when it’s direct, but feels like the true distance when there is one layover. Then we can list and group by the uppercase of the airport codes and listing the flight distances by calculating the distance multiplied by the stops it makes along with the total distance.

      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx4_oper ON `travel-sample`.inventory.route
      (sourceairport, ROUND(distance*stops), distance);
      Query
      SELECT UPPER(sourceairport) AS Airport_Code,
             MIN(ROUND(distance*stops)) AS Distance_Feels_Like,
             SUM(ROUND(distance)) AS Total_Distance
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.route
      WHERE sourceairport IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY UPPER(sourceairport);
      Results
      [
        {
          "Airport_Code": "ITO",
          "Distance_Feels_Like": 0,
          "Total_Distance": 4828
        },
        {
          "Airport_Code": "GJT",
          "Distance_Feels_Like": 0,
          "Total_Distance": 6832
        },
        {
          "Airport_Code": "HYA",
          "Distance_Feels_Like": 0,
          "Total_Distance": 148
        },
      ...
      ]

      Heterogeneous data types for GROUP BY key

      When a field has a mix of data types for the GROUP BY key:

      • NULLS and MISSING are two separate groups.

      Example 7. Heterogeneous data types

      To see a separate grouping of MISSING and NULL, we need to GROUP BY a field we know exists in one document but not in another document while both documents have another field in common.

      Create Documents
      INSERT INTO `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
        VALUES("01",{"type":1, "email":"abc","xx":3});
      
      INSERT INTO `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
        VALUES("02",{"type":1, "email":"abc","xx":null});
      
      INSERT INTO `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
        VALUES("03",{"type":1, "email":"abcd"});
      Query
      SELECT type, xx, MIN(email) AS Min_Email
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      WHERE type IS NOT NULL
      GROUP BY type, xx;
      Results
      [
        {
          "Min_Email": "abc",
          "type": 1,
          "xx": 3
        },
        {
          "Min_Email": "abc",
          "type": 1,
          "xx": null
        },
        {
          "Min_Email": "abcd",
          "type": 1 (1)
        },
        {
          "Min_Email": "2willowroad@nationaltrust.org.uk",
          "type": "landmark"
        }
      ]
      1 This is a separate result since field xx is MISSING

      GROUP BY META().ID Primary Index

      If there is no filter, then pushdown is supported for an expression on the Document ID META().id in the GROUP BY clause.

      To use Aggregate Pushdown, use the following syntax for the index and query statement:

      CREATE PRIMARY INDEX idx_expr ON named_keyspace_ref;
      
      SELECT COUNT(1)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      GROUP BY SUBSTR(META().id, start, finish);
      If there is a filter on the Document ID, then the primary index can be used as a secondary scan.
      Example 8. List the number of airports that are in each decile of the META().id field
      Index
      CREATE PRIMARY INDEX idx6 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.airport;
      Query
      SELECT COUNT(1) AS Count, SUBSTR(META().id,0,9) AS Meta_Group
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      GROUP BY SUBSTR(META().id,0,9);
      Results
      [
        {
          "Count": 168,
          "Meta_Group": "airport_4"
        },
        {
          "Count": 175,
          "Meta_Group": "airport_5"
        },
        {
          "Count": 125,
          "Meta_Group": "airport_6"
        },
      ...
      ]

      LIMIT with GROUP BY on leading keys

      To use Aggregate Pushdown when there is a LIMIT clause and a GROUP BY clause on one or more leading keys, use the following example of the index and query statement:

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON named_keyspace_ref (k0, k1);
      
      SELECT k0, COUNT(k1)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE k0 IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY k0
      LIMIT n;
      Example 9. LIMIT with GROUP BY on the leading key
      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx7 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      (city, name);
      Query
      SELECT city AS City, COUNT(DISTINCT name) AS Landmark_Count
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      WHERE city IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY city
      LIMIT 4;
      Plan
      {
        "plan": {
          "#operator": "Sequence",
          "~children": [
            {
              "#operator": "Sequence",
              "~children": [
                {
                  "#operator": "IndexScan3",
                  "bucket": "travel-sample",
                  "covers": [
                    "cover ((`landmark`.`city`))",
                    "cover ((`landmark`.`name`))",
                    "cover ((meta(`landmark`).`id`))",
                    "cover (count(DISTINCT cover ((`landmark`.`name`))))"
                  ],
                  "index": "idx7",
                  "index_group_aggs": {
                    "aggregates": [
                      {
                        "aggregate": "COUNT",
                        "depends": [
                          1
                        ],
                        "distinct": true,
                        "expr": "cover ((`landmark`.`name`))",
                        "id": 3,
                        "keypos": 1
                      }
                    ],
                    "depends": [
                      0,
                      1
                    ],
                    "group": [
                      {
                        "depends": [
                          0
                        ],
                        "expr": "cover ((`landmark`.`city`))",
                        "id": 0,
                        "keypos": 0
                      }
                    ]
                  },
                  "index_id": "7fe5ede3626e6d29",
                  "index_projection": {
                    "entry_keys": [
                      0,
                      3
                    ]
                  },
                  "keyspace": "landmark",
                  "limit": "4", (1)
                  "namespace": "default",
      ...
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      }
      Results
      [
        {
          "City": null,
          "Landmark_Count": 15
        },
        {
          "City": "Abbeville",
          "Landmark_Count": 1
        },
        {
          "City": "Abbots Langley",
          "Landmark_Count": 19
        },
        {
          "City": "Aberdeenshire",
          "Landmark_Count": 6
        }
      ]
      1 The limit is pushed to the indexer because the GROUP BY key matched with the leading index key.

      OFFSET with GROUP BY on leading keys

      To use Aggregate Pushdown when there is an OFFSET clause and a GROUP BY clause on one or more leading keys, use the following example of the index and query statement.

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON named_keyspace_ref (k0, k1);
      
      SELECT k0, COUNT(k1)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE k0 IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY k0
      OFFSET n;
      Example 10. OFFSET with GROUP BY on a leading key

      This example uses the idx7 index defined previously:

      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx7 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      (city, name);
      Query
      SELECT city AS City, COUNT(DISTINCT name) AS Landmark_Count
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      WHERE city IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY city
      OFFSET 4;
      Plan
      {
        "plan": {
          "#operator": "Sequence",
          "~children": [
            {
              "#operator": "Sequence",
              "~children": [
                {
                  "#operator": "IndexScan3",
                  "bucket": "travel-sample",
                  "covers": [
                    "cover ((`landmark`.`city`))",
                    "cover ((`landmark`.`name`))",
                    "cover ((meta(`landmark`).`id`))",
                    "cover (count(DISTINCT cover ((`landmark`.`name`))))"
                  ],
                  "index": "idx7",
                  "index_group_aggs": {
                    "aggregates": [
                      {
                        "aggregate": "COUNT",
                        "depends": [
                          1
                        ],
                        "distinct": true,
                        "expr": "cover ((`landmark`.`name`))",
                        "id": 3,
                        "keypos": 1
                      }
                    ],
                    "depends": [
                      0,
                      1
                    ],
                    "group": [
                      {
                        "depends": [
                          0
                        ],
                        "expr": "cover ((`landmark`.`city`))",
                        "id": 0,
                        "keypos": 0
                      }
                    ]
                  },
                  "index_id": "7fe5ede3626e6d29",
                  "index_projection": {
                    "entry_keys": [
                      0,
                      3
                    ]
                  },
                  "keyspace": "landmark",
                  "namespace": "default",
                  "offset": "4", (1)
                  "scope": "inventory",
                  "spans": [
      ...
                  ]
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      }
      Results
      [
        {
          "City": "Aberdour",
          "Landmark_Count": 4
        },
        {
          "City": "Aberdulais",
          "Landmark_Count": 1
        },
        {
          "City": "Abereiddy",
          "Landmark_Count": 1
        },
        {
          "City": "Aberfeldy",
          "Landmark_Count": 2
        },
      ...
      ]
      1 The offset is pushed to the indexer because the GROUP BY key matched with the leading index key.

      Aggregate without GROUP BY key

      This is a case of aggregation over a range without groups. If the index can be used for computing the aggregate, the indexer will return a single aggregate value. To use Aggregate Pushdown, use the following syntax for index and queries:

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON named_keyspace_ref (a, b, c);
      Q1
      SELECT aggregate_function(c)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING;
      Q2
      SELECT SUM(a)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING;
      Q3
      SELECT SUM(a), COUNT(a), MIN(a)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING;
      Q4
      SELECT SUM(a), COUNT(b), MIN(c)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING;
      Example 11. Multiple Aggregate without GROUP BY key — Q1
      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx9 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.route
      (distance, stops, sourceairport);
      Query
      SELECT SUM(ROUND(distance)) AS Total_Distance,
             SUM(stops) AS Total_Stops,
             COUNT(sourceairport) AS Total_Airports
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.route
      WHERE distance IS NOT MISSING;
      Results
      [
        {
          "Total_Airports": 24024,
          "Total_Distance": 53538071,
          "Total_Stops": 6
        }
      ]
      Example 12. Aggregate without GROUP BY key — Q2
      Query
      SELECT SUM(ROUND(distance)) AS Total_Distance
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.route;
      Results
      [
        {
          "Total_Distance": 53538071
        }
      ]
      Example 13. Multiple Aggregate without GROUP BY key — Q3
      Query
      SELECT SUM(ROUND(distance)) AS Total_Distance,
             COUNT(ROUND(distance)) AS Count_of_Distance,
             MIN(ROUND(distance)) AS Min_of_Distance
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.route
      WHERE distance IS NOT MISSING;
      Results
      [
        {
          "Count_of_Distance": 24024,
          "Min_of_Distance": 3,
          "Total_Distance": 53538071
        }
      ]
      Example 14. Multiple Aggregate without GROUP BY key — Q4
      Query
      SELECT SUM(ROUND(distance)) AS Total_Distance,
             COUNT(stops) AS Count_of_Stops,
             MIN(sourceairport) AS Min_of_Airport
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.route
      WHERE distance IS NOT MISSING;
      Results
      [
        {
          "Count_of_Stops": 24024,
          "Min_of_Airport": "AAE",
          "Total_Distance": 53538071
        }
      ]

      Expression in Aggregate function

      Aggregations with scalar expressions can be speeded up even if the index key does not have the matching expression on the key. To use Aggregate Pushdown, use the following syntax for the index and query statement:

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON named_keyspace_ref (a, b, c);
      
      SELECT aggregate_function1(expression(c))
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY a, b;
      Example 15. List the landmarks with the highest latitude

      Use the MAX() operator to find the highest landmark latitude in each state, group the results by country and state, and then sort in reverse order by the highest latitudes.

      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx10 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      (country, state, ABS(ROUND(geo.lat)));
      Query
      SELECT country, state, SUM(ABS(ROUND(geo.lat))) AS SumAbs_Latitude
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      USE INDEX (idx10) (1)
      WHERE country IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY country, state
      ORDER BY SumAbs_Latitude DESC;
      1 Specifies that the query must use idx10 rather than the similar idx1
      Plan
      {
        "plan": {
          "#operator": "Sequence",
          "~children": [
            {
              "#operator": "Sequence",
              "~children": [
                {
                  "#operator": "IndexScan3",
                  "bucket": "travel-sample",
                  "covers": [
                    "cover ((`landmark`.`country`))",
                    "cover ((`landmark`.`state`))",
                    "cover (abs(round(((`landmark`.`geo`).`lat`))))",
                    "cover ((meta(`landmark`).`id`))",
                    "cover (sum(cover (abs(round(((`landmark`.`geo`).`lat`))))))"
                  ],
                  "index": "idx10",
                  "index_group_aggs": {
                    "aggregates": [
                      {
                        "aggregate": "SUM",
                        "depends": [
                          2
                        ],
                        "expr": "cover (abs(round(((`landmark`.`geo`).`lat`))))",
                        "id": 4,
                        "keypos": 2
                      }
                    ],
                    "depends": [
                      0,
                      1,
                      2
                    ],
                    "group": [
                      {
                        "depends": [
                          0
                        ],
                        "expr": "cover ((`landmark`.`country`))",
                        "id": 0,
                        "keypos": 0
                      },
                      {
                        "depends": [
                          1
                        ],
                        "expr": "cover ((`landmark`.`state`))",
                        "id": 1,
                        "keypos": 1
                      }
      ...
                    ]
                  }
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      }

      The query plan shows that aggregates are executed by the indexer. This is detailed in Table 3.

      Query plan with 3 steps: IndexScan3 using idx10, Project with 3 terms, and Order by SumAbs_Latitude
      Results
      [
        {
          "SumAbs_Latitude": 117513,
          "country": "United Kingdom",
          "state": null
        },
        {
          "SumAbs_Latitude": 68503,
          "country": "United States",
          "state": "California"
        },
        {
          "SumAbs_Latitude": 10333,
          "country": "France",
          "state": "Île-de-France"
        },
      ...
      ]

      SUM, COUNT, MIN, MAX, or AVG Aggregate functions

      Currently, the only aggregate functions that are supported are SUM(), COUNT(), MIN(), MAX(), and AVG() with or without the DISTINCT modifier.

      To use Aggregate Pushdown, use the below syntax for the index and query statement:

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON named_keyspace_ref (a, b, c, d);
      
      SELECT aggregate_function(a), aggregate_function(b),
             aggregate_function(c), aggregate_function(d)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY a;
      Example 16. Aggregate functions
      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx11 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      (geo.lat, geo.alt, city, geo.lon);
      Query
      SELECT MIN(ROUND(geo.lat)) AS Min_Lat,
             SUM(geo.alt) AS Sum_Alt,
             COUNT(city) AS Count_City,
             MAX(ROUND(geo.lon)) AS Max_Lon
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE geo.lat IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY (ROUND(geo.lat))
      ORDER BY (ROUND(geo.lat)) DESC;
      Results
      [
        {
          "Count_City": 1,
          "Max_Lon": 43,
          "Min_Lat": 72,
          "Sum_Alt": 149
        },
        {
          "Count_City": 3,
          "Max_Lon": -157,
          "Min_Lat": 71,
          "Sum_Alt": 120
        },
        {
          "Count_City": 6,
          "Max_Lon": -144,
          "Min_Lat": 70,
          "Sum_Alt": 292
        },
      ...
      ]

      DISTINCT aggregates

      There are four cases when DISTINCT aggregates can use this feature:

      1. If the DISTINCT aggregate is on the leading GROUP BY key(s).

      2. If the DISTINCT aggregate is on the leading GROUP By key(s) + 1 (the immediate next key).

      3. If the DISTINCT aggregate is on a constant expression (GROUP BY can be on any key).

      4. If there is no GROUP BY and the DISTINCT aggregate is on the first key only or in a constant expression.

      To use Aggregate Pushdown, use one of the following syntaxes of the index and query statements:

      Case 1

      If the DISTINCT aggregate is on the leading GROUP BY key(s).

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON named_keyspace_ref (a, b, c);
      Syntax A
      SELECT SUM(DISTINCT a)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY a;
      Syntax B
      SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT a), SUM(DISTINCT b)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY a, b;
      Example 17. DISTINCT aggregate — Case 1, Syntax A
      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx12_1 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      (geo.lat, geo.lon, country);
      Query
      SELECT SUM(DISTINCT ROUND(geo.lat)) AS Sum_Lat
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE geo.lat IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY ROUND(geo.lat);
      Results
      [
        {
          "Sum_Lat": 27
        },
        {
          "Sum_Lat": 36
        },
        {
          "Sum_Lat": 71
        },
      ...
      ]
      Example 18. DISTINCT aggregate — Case 1, Syntax B
      Query
      SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT ROUND(geo.lat)) AS Count_Lat,
             SUM(DISTINCT ROUND(geo.lon)) AS Sum_Lon
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE geo.lat IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY ROUND(geo.lat), ROUND(geo.lon);
      Results
      [
        {
          "Count_Lat": 1,
          "Sum_Lon": -166
        },
        {
          "Count_Lat": 1,
          "Sum_Lon": -107
        },
        {
          "Count_Lat": 1,
          "Sum_Lon": -159
        },
      ...
      ]

      Case 2

      If the DISTINCT aggregate is on the leading GROUP BY key(s) + 1 (the next key).

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON named_keyspace_ref (a, b, c);
      Syntax A
      SELECT SUM(DISTINCT b)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY a;
      Syntax B
      SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT c)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY a, b;
      Example 19. DISTINCT aggregate — Case 2, Syntax A
      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx12_2 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      (country, ROUND(geo.lat), ROUND(geo.lon));
      Query
      SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT country) AS Count_Country,
             SUM(DISTINCT ROUND(geo.lat)) AS Sum_Lat
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE country IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY country;
      Results
      [
        {
          "Count_Country": 1,
          "Sum_Lat": 483
        },
        {
          "Count_Country": 1,
          "Sum_Lat": 591
        },
        {
          "Count_Country": 1,
          "Sum_Lat": 2290
        }
      ]
      Example 20. DISTINCT aggregate — Case 2, Syntax B
      Query
      SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT country) AS Count_Country,
             SUM(DISTINCT ROUND(geo.lat)) AS Sum_Lat,
             COUNT(DISTINCT ROUND(geo.lon)) AS Count_Lon
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE country IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY country, ROUND(geo.lat);
      Results
      [
        {
          "Count_Country": 1,
          "Count_Lon": 1,
          "Sum_Lat": 18
        },
        {
          "Count_Country": 1,
          "Count_Lon": 1,
          "Sum_Lat": 42
        },
        {
          "Count_Country": 1,
          "Count_Lon": 9,
          "Sum_Lat": 43
        },
      ...
      ]

      Case 3

      If the DISTINCT aggregate is on a constant expression — GROUP BY can be on any key.

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON named_keyspace_ref (a, b, c);
      
      SELECT a, COUNT(DISTINCT 1)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE a IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY b;
      The results will be pre-aggregated if the GROUP BY key is non-leading, as in this case and example.
      Example 21. DISTINCT aggregate — Case 3
      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx12_3 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      (country, geo.lat, geo.lon);
      Query
      SELECT MIN(country) AS Min_Country,
             COUNT(DISTINCT 1) AS Constant_Value,
             MIN(ROUND(geo.lon)) AS Min_Longitude
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE country IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY geo.lat;
      Results
      [
        {
          "Constant_Value": 1,
          "Min_Country": "United States",
          "Min_Longitude": -103
        },
        {
          "Constant_Value": 1,
          "Min_Country": "France",
          "Min_Longitude": 3
        },
        {
          "Constant_Value": 1,
          "Min_Country": "United States",
          "Min_Longitude": -105
        },
      ...
      ]

      Case 4

      If the DISTINCT aggregate is on the first key only or in a constant expression, and there is no GROUP BY clause.

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON named_keyspace_ref (a, b, c);
      Q1
      SELECT aggregate_function(DISTINCT a)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref; (1)
      Q2
      SELECT aggregate_function(DISTINCT 1)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref; (2)
      Q3
      SELECT aggregate_function(DISTINCT c)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref; (3)
      1 OK
      2 OK
      3 Not OK

      All other cases of DISTINCT pushdown will return an error.

      Example 22. DISTINCT aggregate — Case 4, Q1

      A DISTINCT aggregate on the first key only, where there is no GROUP BY clause.

      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx12_4 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      (geo.alt, geo.lat, geo.lon);
      Query
      SELECT SUM(DISTINCT ROUND(geo.alt)) AS Sum_Alt
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE geo.alt IS NOT MISSING;
      Results
      [
        {
          "Sum_Alt": 1463241
        }
      ]
      Example 23. DISTINCT aggregate — Case 4, Q2

      A DISTINCT aggregate on a constant expression, where there is no GROUP BY clause. This query pushes the aggregation down to the indexer, but does not necessarily use the index idx12_4.

      Query
      SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT 1) AS Const_expr
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport;
      Results
      [
        {
          "Const_expr": 1
        }
      ]
      Example 24. DISTINCT aggregate — Case 4, Q3

      A DISTINCT aggregate on a non-leading key, where there is no GROUP BY clause. This query uses the index idx12_4, but does not push the aggregation down to the indexer.

      Query
      SELECT SUM(DISTINCT ROUND(geo.lon)) AS Sum_Lon
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.airport
      WHERE geo.alt IS NOT MISSING;
      Results
      [
        {
          "Sum_Lon": -11412
        }
      ]

      HAVING with an aggregate function inside

      To use Aggregate Pushdown when a HAVING clause has an aggregate function inside, use the following syntax of index and query statement:

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON named_keyspace_ref (k0, k1);
      
      SELECT k0, COUNT(k1)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE k0 IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY k0
      HAVING aggregate_function(k1);
      Example 25. HAVING with an aggregate function inside

      List the cities that have more than 180 landmarks. This example uses the idx7 index defined previously:

      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx7 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      (city, name);
      Query
      SELECT city AS City, COUNT(DISTINCT name) AS Landmark_Count
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      WHERE city IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY city
      HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT name) > 180;
      Results
      [
        {
          "City": "London",
          "Landmark_Count": 443
        },
        {
          "City": "Los Angeles",
          "Landmark_Count": 284
        },
        {
          "City": "San Diego",
          "Landmark_Count": 197
        },
        {
          "City": "San Francisco",
          "Landmark_Count": 797
        }
      ]

      LETTING with an aggregate function inside

      To use Aggregate Pushdown when a LETTING clause has an aggregate function inside, use the following syntax of the index and query statement.

      CREATE INDEX idx_expr ON named_keyspace_ref (k0, k1);
      
      SELECT k0, COUNT(k1)
      FROM named_keyspace_ref
      WHERE k0 IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY k0
      LETTING var_expr = aggregate_function(k1)
      HAVING var_expr;
      Example 26. LETTING with an aggregate function inside

      List cities that have more than half of all landmarks. This example uses the idx7 index defined previously:

      Index
      CREATE INDEX idx7 ON `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      (city, name);
      Query
      SELECT city AS City, COUNT(DISTINCT name) AS Landmark_Count
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      WHERE city IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY city
      LETTING MinimumThingsToSee = COUNT(DISTINCT name)
      HAVING MinimumThingsToSee > 180;
      Results
      [
        {
          "City": "London",
          "Landmark_Count": 443
        },
        {
          "City": "Los Angeles",
          "Landmark_Count": 284
        },
        {
          "City": "San Diego",
          "Landmark_Count": 197
        },
        {
          "City": "San Francisco",
          "Landmark_Count": 797
        }
      ]

      Limitations

      The following are currently not supported and not pushed to the indexer:

      • HAVING or LETTING clauses, unless there is an aggregate function inside.

      • ORDER BY clauses.

      • ARRAY_AGG() or any facility to add new Aggregate function, such as Median.

      • LIMIT pushdown with GROUP BY on non-leading keys.

      • OFFSET pushdown with GROUP BY on non-leading keys.

      • A subquery in a GROUP BY or Aggregate pushdown.

      • FILTER clauses on aggregate functions.

      Table 1. Aggregate Comparison
      Item Aggregate on Non-Array Index Field Aggregate on Array Index Field DISTINCT Aggregate on Non-Array Index Field DISTINCT Aggregate on Array Index Field

      Supports MIN() and MAX()

      -

      -

      Supports SUM() and COUNT()

      -

      Supports AVG()

      Supports ARRAY_AGG()

      -

      -

      -

      -

      FILTER Clause

      If the query block contains an aggregate function which uses the FILTER clause, the aggregation is not pushed down to the indexer. As a workaround, if you require aggregation pushdown, you can use a comparison operator as the argument for the aggregate function. For example:

      Aggregate functions with FILTER clause
      SELECT
        SUM(d.c3) FILTER (WHERE d.c2 IN ['X']),
        COUNT(1) FILTER (WHERE d.c2 IN ['Y'])
        ...
      Workaround using comparison operators
      SELECT
        SUM (CASE WHEN d.c2 IN ['X'] THEN d.c3 ELSE 0 END),
        COUNT (CASE WHEN d.c2 IN ['Y'] THEN 1 ELSE NULL END)
        ...

      Appendix: Query Plan Fields

      Consider the example:

      CREATE INDEX idx_landmark_activity
      ON `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark(activity);
      
      EXPLAIN SELECT activity, COUNT(activity)
      FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
      WHERE activity IS NOT MISSING
      GROUP BY activity;

      In the query plan:

      • plan.`~children`[0.covers] shows that the index covers the query.

      • plan.`~children`[0.index_group_aggs] shows the aggregation and groupings done by the indexer.

      • index_group_aggs object has details on the aggregate, index key position, expression dependency, and group expressions handled by the indexer. This object is present in the plan only when the indexer handles the grouping and aggregation.

      Item Name Description Explain Text in This Example

      aggregates

      Array of Aggregate objects, and each object represents one aggregate function. The absence of this item means there is no Aggregate function.

      aggregates

      ... aggregate

      Aggregate operation.

      COUNT

      ... depends

      List of index key positions the GROUP BY expression depends on, starting with 0.

      0

      (because it’s the 1st item)

      ... expr

      Group expression or an aggregate expression.

      "cover ((`landmark`.`activity`))"

      ... id

      Unique ID given internally and will be used in index_projection

      2

      ... keypos

      Key Position to use the Index expr or the query expr.

      • A value > -1 means the group key exactly matches the corresponding index keys, where 0 is the 1st index key.

      • A value of -1 means the group key does not match the index key and uses the query expression instead.

      0

      (because it matches the 1st index key)

      depends

      List of index key positions the GROUP BY expression depends on, starting with 0.

      0

      (because it’s the 1st item)

      group

      Array of GROUP BY objects, and each object represents one group key. The absence of this item means there is no GROUP BY clause.

      group

      ... depends

      Index key position of a single GROUP BY expression

      0

      (because it’s the 1st GROUP BY key)

      ... expr

      Single GROUP BY expression.

      "cover ((`landmark`.`activity`))"

      ... id

      Unique ID given internally and will be used in index_projection

      0

      ... keypos

      Key Position to use the Index expr or the query expr.

      • A value > -1 means the group key exactly matches the corresponding index keys, where 0 is the 1st index key.

      • A value of -1 means the group key does not match the index key and uses the query expression instead.

      0

      (because it matches the 1st key in the index expression)

      {
        "plan": {
          "#operator": "Sequence",
          "~children": [
            {
              "#operator": "IndexScan3",
              "bucket": "travel-sample",
              "covers": [
                "cover ((`landmark`.`activity`))",
                "cover ((meta(`landmark`).`id`))",
                "cover (count(cover ((`landmark`.`activity`))))"
              ],
              "index": "idx_landmark_activity",
              "index_group_aggs": { (1)
                "aggregates": [
                  {
                    "aggregate": "COUNT",
                    "depends": [
                      0
                    ],
                    "expr": "cover ((`landmark`.`activity`))",
                    "id": 2,
                    "keypos": 0
                  }
                ],
                "depends": [
                  0
                ],
                "group": [
                  {
                    "depends": [
                      0
                    ],
                    "expr": "cover ((`landmark`.`activity`))",
                    "id": 0,
                    "keypos": 0
                  }
                ]
              },
              "index_id": "ba98a2af8f4e0f4d",
              "index_projection": {
                "entry_keys": [
                  0,
                  2
                ]
              },
              "keyspace": "landmark",
              "namespace": "default",
              "scope": "inventory",
              "spans": [
                {
                  "exact": true,
                  "range": [
                    {
                      "inclusion": 1,
                      "low": "null"
                    }
                  ]
                }
              ],
              "using": "gsi"
            },
            {
              "#operator": "Parallel",
              "~child": {
                "#operator": "Sequence",
                "~children": [
                  {
                    "#operator": "InitialProject",
                    "result_terms": [
                      {
                        "expr": "cover ((`landmark`.`activity`))"
                      },
                      {
                        "expr": "cover (count(cover ((`landmark`.`activity`))))"
                      }
                    ]
                  }
                ]
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "text": "SELECT activity, COUNT(activity)\nFROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark\nWHERE activity IS NOT MISSING\nGROUP BY activity;"
      }
      1 When the index_group_aggs section is present, it means that the query is using Index Aggregations.
      Table 2. GROUP BY Query Plan
      Item Name Description EXPLAIN Text in Example 1 (GROUP BY)

      aggregates

      Array of Aggregate objects, and each object represents one aggregate function. The absence of this item means there is no Aggregate function.

      aggregates

      ... aggregate

      Aggregate operation.

      MAX

      ... depends

      List of index key positions the GROUP BY expression depends on, starting with 0.

      2

      (because it’s the 3rd item)

      ... expr

      Group expression or an aggregate expression.

      round(cover (((`landmark`. `geo`).`lat`)))

      ... id

      Unique ID given internally and will be used in index_projection

      4

      ... keypos

      Key Position to use the Index expr or the query expr.

      • A value > -1 means the group key exactly matches the corresponding index keys, where 0 is the 1st index key.

      • A value of -1 means the group key does not match the index key and uses the query expression instead.

      -1

      (because the index has the field geo.lat but the query adds the ROUND() function to geo.lat)

      depends

      List of index key positions the GROUP BY expression depends on, starting with 0.

      0, 1, 2

      group

      Array of GROUP BY objects, and each object represents one group key. The absence of this item means there is no GROUP BY clause.

      group

      ... depends

      Index key position of a single GROUP BY expression, starting with 0.

      0

      (because it’s the 1st GROUP BY key)

      ... expr

      Single GROUP BY expression.

      `landmark`.`country`

      ... id

      Unique ID given internally and will be used in index_projection.

      0

      ... keypos

      Key Position to use the Index expr or the query expr.

      • A value > -1 means the group key exactly matches the corresponding index keys, where 0 is the 1st index key.

      • A value of -1 means the group key does not match the index key and uses the query expression instead.

      0

      (because it matches the first key in the index expression)

      The Query Plan sections of an Aggregate pushdown are slightly different than those used in a GROUP BY.

      Table 3. Aggregate Query Plan
      Item Name Description EXPLAIN Text in Example 15 (Aggregate)

      aggregates

      Array of Aggregate objects, and each object represents one aggregate function. The absence of this item means there is no Aggregate function.

      aggregates

      ... aggregate

      Aggregate operation.

      SUM

      ... depends

      List of index key positions the GROUP BY expression depends on, starting with 0.

      2

      (because it’s the 3rd item)

      ... expr

      Group expression or an aggregate expression.

      "abs(round(cover (((`landmark`.`geo`).`lat`))))"

      ... id

      Unique ID given internally and will be used in index_projection

      4

      ... keypos

      Key Position to use the Index expr or the query expr.

      • A value > -1 means the group key exactly matches the corresponding index keys, where 0 is the 1st index key.

      • A value of -1 means the group key does not match the index key and uses the query expression instead.

      2

      (because the query’s 3rd key exactly matches the index’s 3rd key)

      depends

      List of index key positions the GROUP BY expression depends on, starting with 0.

      0, 1, 2

      group

      Array of GROUP BY objects, and each object represents one group key. The absence of this item means there is no GROUP BY clause.

      group

      ... depends

      Index key position of a single GROUP BY expression, starting with 0.

      0

      (because it’s the 1st GROUP BY key)

      ... expr

      Single GROUP BY expression.

      "cover ((`landmark`.`country`))"

      ... id

      Unique ID given internally and will be used in index_projection.

      0

      ... keypos

      Key Position to use the Index expr or the query expr.

      • A value > -1 means the group key exactly matches the corresponding index keys, where 0 is the 1st index key.

      • A value of -1 means the group key does not match the index key and uses the query expression instead.

      0

      (because it matches the 1st key in the index expression)

      ... depends

      Index key position of a single GROUP BY expression, starting with 0.

      1

      (because it’s the 2nd GROUP BY key)

      ... expr

      Single GROUP BY expression.

      "cover ((`landmark`.`state`))"

      ... id

      Unique ID given internally and will be used in index_projection.

      1

      ... keypos

      Key Position to use the Index expr or the query expr.

      • A value > -1 means the group key exactly matches the corresponding index keys, where 0 is the 1st index key.

      • A value of -1 means the group key does not match the index key and uses the query expression instead.

      1

      (because it matches the 2nd key in the index expression)