NEST Clause

reference

The NEST clause creates an input object by producing a single result of nesting keyspaces.

Purpose

The NEST clause is used within the FROM clause. It enables you to create an input object by producing a single result of nesting keyspaces via ANSI NEST, Lookup NEST, or Index NEST.

Prerequisites

For you to select data from keyspace or expression, you must have the query_select privilege on that keyspace. For more details about user roles, see Authorization.

Syntax

nest-clause ::= ansi-nest-clause | lookup-nest-clause | index-nest-clause

ansi-nest-clause	ANSI NEST Clause
lookup-nest-clause	Lookup NEST Clause
index-nest-clause	Index NEST Clause

Left-Hand Side

The NEST clause cannot be the first term within the FROM clause; it must be preceded by another FROM term. The term immediately preceding the NEST clause represents the left-hand side of the NEST clause.

You can chain the NEST clause with any of the other permitted FROM terms, including another NEST clause. For more information, see the page on the FROM clause.

There are restrictions on what types of FROM terms may be chained and in what order — see the descriptions on this page for more details.

The types of FROM term that may be used as the left-hand side of the NEST clause are summarized in the following table.

To try the examples in this section, set the query context to the inventory scope in the travel sample dataset. For more information, see Query Context.

Type Example

Type	Example
keyspace identifier	`hotel`
generic expression	`20+10 AS Total`
subquery	`SELECT ARRAY_AGG(t1.city) AS cities, SUM(t1.city_cnt) AS apnum FROM ( SELECT city, city_cnt, country, ARRAY_AGG(airportname) AS apnames FROM airport GROUP BY city, country LETTING city_cnt = COUNT(city) ) AS t1 WHERE t1.city_cnt > 5;`
previous join, nest, or unnest	`SELECT * FROM route AS rte JOIN airport AS apt ON rte.destinationairport = apt.faa NEST landmark AS lmk ON apt.city = lmk.city LIMIT 5;`

keyspace identifier

hotel

generic expression

20+10 AS Total

subquery

SELECT ARRAY_AGG(t1.city) AS cities,
  SUM(t1.city_cnt) AS apnum
FROM (
  SELECT city, city_cnt, country,
    ARRAY_AGG(airportname) AS apnames
  FROM airport
  GROUP BY city, country
  LETTING city_cnt = COUNT(city)
) AS t1
WHERE t1.city_cnt > 5;

previous join, nest, or unnest

SELECT *
FROM route AS rte
JOIN airport AS apt
  ON rte.destinationairport = apt.faa
NEST landmark AS lmk
  ON apt.city = lmk.city
LIMIT 5;

ANSI NEST Clause

ANSI JOIN and ANSI NEST clauses have much more flexible functionality than their earlier INDEX and LOOKUP equivalents. Since these are standard compliant and more flexible, we recommend you to use ANSI JOIN and ANSI NEST exclusively, where possible.

ANSI NEST supports more nest types than Lookup NEST or Index NEXT. ANSI NEST can nest arbitrary fields of the documents, and can be chained together.

The key difference between ANSI NEST and other supported NEST types is the replacement of the ON KEYS or ON KEY … FOR clauses with a simple ON clause. The ON KEYS or ON KEY … FOR clauses dictate that those nests can only be done on a document key (primary key for a document). The ON clause can contain any expression, and thus it opens up many more nest possibilities.

Syntax

ansi-nest-clause ::= ansi-nest-type? 'NEST' ansi-nest-rhs ansi-nest-predicate

ansi-nest-type	Nest Type
ansi-nest-rhs	Nest Right-Hand Side
ansi-nest-predicate	Nest Predicate

Nest Type

ansi-nest-type ::= 'INNER' | ( 'LEFT' 'OUTER'? )

This clause represents the type of ANSI nest.

INNER: For each nested object produced, both the left-hand and right-hand source objects must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.
LEFT [OUTER]: [Query Service interprets LEFT as LEFT OUTER]

For each nested object produced, only the left-hand source objects must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.

This clause is optional. If omitted, the default is INNER.

Nest Right-Hand Side

ansi-nest-rhs ::= keyspace-ref ( 'AS'? alias )?

keyspace-ref	Keyspace Reference
alias	AS Alias

Keyspace Reference

Keyspace reference or expression representing the right-hand side of the NEST clause. For details, see Keyspace Reference.

AS Alias

Assigns another name to the right-hand side of the NEST clause. For details, see AS Clause.

Assigning an alias to the keyspace reference is optional. If you assign an alias to the keyspace reference, the AS keyword may be omitted.

Nest Predicate

ansi-nest-predicate ::= 'ON' expr

expr: Boolean expression representing the nest condition between the left-hand side FROM term and the right-hand side Keyspace Reference. This expression may contain fields, constant expressions, or any complex SQL++ expression.

Limitations

Full OUTER nest and cross nest types are currently not supported.
No mixing of ANSI nest syntax with lookup or index nest syntax in the same FROM clause.
The right-hand-side of any nest must be a keyspace. Expressions, subqueries, or other join combinations cannot be on the right-hand-side of a nest.
A nest can only be executed when appropriate index exists on the inner side of the ANSI nest.
Adaptive indexes are not considered when selecting indexes on inner side of the nest.
You may chain ANSI nests with comma-separated joins; however, the comma-separated joins must come after any JOIN, NEST, or UNNEST clauses.

Examples

To try the examples in this section, set the query context to the inventory scope in the travel sample dataset. For more information, see Query Context.

Example 1. Inner ANSI NEST

List only airports in Toulouse which have routes starting from them, and nest details of the routes.

Query

SELECT *
FROM airport a
  INNER NEST route r
  ON a.faa = r.sourceairport
WHERE a.city = "Toulouse"
ORDER BY a.airportname;

Results

[
  {
    "a": {
      "airportname": "Blagnac",
      "city": "Toulouse",
      "country": "France",
      "faa": "TLS",
      "geo": {
        "alt": 499,
        "lat": 43.629075,
        "lon": 1.363819
      },
      "icao": "LFBO",
      "id": 1273,
      "type": "airport",
      "tz": "Europe/Paris"
    },
    "r": [
      {
        "airline": "AH",
        "airlineid": "airline_794",
        "destinationairport": "ALG",
        "distance": 787.299015326995,
        "equipment": "736",
        "id": 10265,
// ...
      },
      {
        "airline": "AH",
        "airlineid": "airline_794",
        "destinationairport": "ORN",
        "distance": 906.1483088609814,
        "equipment": "736",
        "id": 10266,
// ...
    ]
  }
]

Example 2. Left Outer ANSI NEST

List all airports in Toulouse, and nest details of any routes that start from each airport.

Query

SELECT *
FROM airport a
  LEFT NEST route r
  ON a.faa = r.sourceairport
WHERE a.city = "Toulouse"
ORDER BY a.airportname;

Results

[
  {
    "a": {
      "airportname": "Blagnac",
      "city": "Toulouse",
      "country": "France",
      "faa": "TLS",
      "geo": {
        "alt": 499,
        "lat": 43.629075,
        "lon": 1.363819
      },
      "icao": "LFBO",
      "id": 1273,
      "type": "airport",
      "tz": "Europe/Paris"
    },
    "r": [
      {
        "airline": "AH",
        "airlineid": "airline_794",
        "destinationairport": "ALG",
        "distance": 787.299015326995,
        "equipment": "736",
        "id": 10265,
// ...
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "a": {
      "airportname": "Francazal",
      "city": "Toulouse",
      "country": "France",
      "faa": null,
      "geo": {
        "alt": 535,
        "lat": 43.545555,
        "lon": 1.3675
      },
      "icao": "LFBF",
      "id": 1266,
      "type": "airport",
      "tz": "Europe/Paris"
    },
    "r": [] (1)
  },
  {
    "a": {
      "airportname": "Lasbordes",
      "city": "Toulouse",
      "country": "France",
      "faa": null,
      "geo": {
        "alt": 459,
        "lat": 43.586113,
        "lon": 1.499167
      },
      "icao": "LFCL",
      "id": 1286,
      "type": "airport",
      "tz": "Europe/Paris"
    },
    "r": []
  }
]

1	The LEFT OUTER NEST lists all the left-side results, even if there are no matching right-side documents, as indicated by the results in which the fields from the `route` keyspace are null or missing.

Lookup NEST Clause

Nesting is conceptually the inverse of unnesting. Nesting performs a join across two keyspaces. But instead of producing a cross-product of the left and right inputs, a single result is produced for each left input, while the corresponding right inputs are collected into an array and nested as a single array-valued field in the result object.

Syntax

lookup-nest-clause ::= lookup-nest-type? 'NEST' lookup-nest-rhs lookup-nest-predicate

lookup-nest-type	Nest Type
lookup-nest-rhs	Nest Right-Hand Side
lookup-nest-predicate	Nest Predicate

Nest Type

lookup-nest-type ::= 'INNER' | ( 'LEFT' 'OUTER'? )

This clause represents the type of lookup nest.

INNER: For each result object produced, both the left-hand and right-hand source objects must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.
LEFT [OUTER]: [Query Service interprets LEFT as LEFT OUTER]

A left-outer unnest is performed, and at least one result object is produced for each left source object.

For each joined object produced, only the left-hand source objects must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.

This clause is optional. If omitted, the default is INNER.

Nest Right-Hand Side

lookup-nest-rhs ::= keyspace-ref ( 'AS'? alias )?

keyspace-ref	Keyspace Reference
alias	AS Alias

Keyspace Reference

Keyspace reference for the right-hand side of the lookup nest. For details, see Keyspace Reference.

AS Alias

Assigns another name to the right-hand side of the lookup nest. For details, see AS Clause.

Assigning an alias to the keyspace reference is optional. If you assign an alias to the keyspace reference, the AS keyword may be omitted.

Nest Predicate

lookup-nest-predicate ::= 'ON' 'KEYS' expr

The ON KEYS expression produces a document key or array of document keys for the right-hand side of the lookup nest.

expr: [Required] String or expression representing the primary keys of the documents for the right-hand side keyspace.

Return Values

If the right-hand source object is NULL, MISSING, empty, or a non-array value, then the result object’s right-side value is MISSING (omitted).

Nests can be chained with other NEST, JOIN, and UNNEST clauses. By default, an INNER NEST is performed. This means that for each result object produced, both the left and right source objects must be non-missing and non-null. The right-hand side result of NEST is always an array or MISSING. If there is no matching right source object, then the right source object is as follows:

If the ON KEYS expression evaluates to Then the right-side value is

If the `ON KEYS` expression evaluates to	Then the right-side value is
`MISSING`	`MISSING`
`NULL`	`MISSING`
an array	an empty array
a non-array value	an empty array

MISSING

NULL

MISSING

an array

an empty array

a non-array value

an empty array

Limitations

Lookup nests can be chained with other lookup joins or nests and index joins or nests, but they cannot be mixed with ANSI joins, ANSI nests, or comma-separated joins.

Examples

To try the examples in this section, set the query context to the inventory scope in the travel sample dataset. For more information, see Query Context.

Example 3. Join two keyspaces producing an output for each left input

Show one set of routes for one airline in the airline keyspace.

Query

SELECT *
FROM route
  INNER NEST airline
  ON KEYS route.airlineid
LIMIT 1;

Results

[
  {
    "airline": [
      {
        "callsign": "AIRFRANS",
        "country": "France",
        "iata": "AF",
        "icao": "AFR",
        "id": 137,
        "name": "Air France",
        "type": "airline"
      }
    ],
    "route": {
      "airline": "AF",
      "airlineid": "airline_137",
      "destinationairport": "MRS",
      "distance": 2881.617376098415,
      "equipment": "320",
      "id": 10000,
      "schedule": [
// ...
      ],
      "sourceairport": "TLV",
      "stops": 0,
      "type": "route"
    }
  }
]

Index NEST Clause

Index NESTs allow you to flip the direction of a Lookup NEST clause. Index NESTs can be used efficiently when Lookup NESTs cannot efficiently nest left-hand side documents with right-to-left nests, and your situation cannot be flipped because your predicate needs to be on the left-hand side, such as Example 3 above where airline documents have no reference to route documents.

For index nests, the syntax uses ON KEY (singular) instead of ON KEYS (plural). This is because an Index NEST’s ON KEY expression must produce a scalar value; whereas a Lookup NEST’s ON KEYS expression can produce either a scalar or an array value.

Syntax

index-nest-clause ::= index-nest-type? 'NEST' index-nest-rhs index-nest-predicate

index-nest-type	Nest Type
index-nest-rhs	Nest Right-Hand Side
index-nest-predicate	Nest Predicate

Nest Type

index-nest-type ::= 'INNER' | ( 'LEFT' 'OUTER'? )

This clause represents the type of index nest.

INNER: For each nested object produced, both the left-hand and right-hand source objects must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.
LEFT [OUTER]: [Query Service interprets LEFT as LEFT OUTER]

For each nested object produced, only the left-hand source objects must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.

This clause is optional. If omitted, the default is INNER.

Nest Right-Hand Side

index-nest-rhs ::= keyspace-ref ( 'AS'? alias )?

keyspace-ref	Keyspace Reference
alias	AS Alias

Keyspace Reference

Keyspace reference or expression representing the right-hand side of the NEST clause. For details, see Keyspace Reference.

AS Alias

Assigns another name to the right-hand side of the NEST clause. For details, see AS Clause.

Assigning an alias to the keyspace reference is optional. If you assign an alias to the keyspace reference, the AS keyword may be omitted.

Nest Predicate

index-nest-predicate ::= 'ON' 'KEY' expr 'FOR' alias

expr

Expression in the form rhs-expression.lhs-expression-key:

rhs-expression: Keyspace reference for the right-hand side of the index nest.
lhs-expression-key: String or expression representing the attribute in rhs-expression and referencing the document key for alias.

alias

Keyspace reference for the left-hand side of the index nest.

Limitations

Index nests can be chained with other index joins or nests and lookup joins or nests, but they cannot be mixed with ANSI joins, ANSI nests, or comma-separated joins.

Examples

To try the examples in this section, set the query context to the inventory scope in the travel sample dataset. For more information, see Query Context.

Example 4. Use INDEX nest to flip the direction of Example 3 above

This example nests the airline routes for each airline after creating the following index. (Note that the index will not match if it contains a WHERE clause.)

Index

CREATE INDEX route_airlineid ON route(airlineid);

Query

SELECT *
FROM airline aline
  INNER NEST route rte
  ON KEY rte.airlineid FOR aline
LIMIT 1;

Results

[
  {
    "aline": {
      "callsign": "MILE-AIR",
      "country": "United States",
      "iata": "Q5",
      "icao": "MLA",
      "id": 10,
      "name": "40-Mile Air",
      "type": "airline"
    },
    "rte": [
      {
        "airline": "Q5",
        "airlineid": "airline_10",
        "destinationairport": "FAI",
        "distance": 118.20183585107631,
        "equipment": "CNA",
        "id": 46587,
        "schedule": [
// ...
        ],
        "sourceairport": "HKB",
        "stops": 0,
        "type": "route"
      },
      {
        "airline": "Q5",
        "airlineid": "airline_10",
        "destinationairport": "HKB",
        "distance": 118.20183585107631,
        "equipment": "CNA",
        "id": 46586,
        "schedule": [
// ...
        ],
        "sourceairport": "FAI",
        "stops": 0,
        "type": "route"
      }
    ]
  }
]

If you generalize the same query, it looks like the following:

CREATE INDEX on-key-for-index-name rhs-expression (lhs-expression-key);

SELECT projection-list
FROM lhs-expression
  NEST rhs-expression
  ON KEY rhs-expression.lhs-expression-key FOR lhs-expression
[ WHERE predicates ] ;

There are three important changes in the index scan syntax example above:

CREATE INDEX on the ON KEY expression rte.airlineid to access route documents using airlineid (which are produced on the left-hand side).
The ON KEY rte.airlineid FOR aline enables SQL++ to use the index route_airlineid.
Create any optional index, such as route_airline, that can be used on airline (left-hand side).

Appendix: Summary of NEST Types

To try the examples in this section, set the query context to the inventory scope in the travel sample dataset. For more information, see Query Context.

ANSI

Left-Hand Side (lhs)

Any field or expression that produces a value that will be matched on the right-hand side.

Right-Hand Side (rhs)

Anything that can have a proper index on the join expression.

Syntax

lhs-expr
NEST rhs-keyspace
ON any nest condition

Example

SELECT *
FROM route r
NEST airline a
ON r.airlineid = META(a).id
LIMIT 4;

Lookup

Left-Hand Side (lhs)

Must produce a Document Key for the right-hand side.

Right-Hand Side (rhs)

Must have a Document Key.

Syntax

lhs-expr
NEST rhs-keyspace
ON KEYS lhs-expr.foreign_key

Example

SELECT *
FROM route r
NEST airline a
ON KEYS r.airlineid
LIMIT 4;

Index

Left-Hand Side (lhs)

Must produce a key for the right-hand side index.

Right-Hand Side (rhs)

Must have a proper index on the field or expression that maps to the Document Key of the left-hand side.

Syntax

lhs-keyspace
NEST rhs-keyspace
ON KEY rhs-kspace.idx_key
FOR lhs-keyspace

Example

SELECT *
FROM airline a
NEST route r
ON KEY r.airlineid FOR a
LIMIT 4;