JOIN Clause

reference

The JOIN clause enables you to create new input objects by combining two or more source objects.

Purpose

The JOIN clause is used within the FROM clause. It creates an input object by combining two or more source objects. Couchbase Server supports three types of JOIN clause, which are described in the sections below: ANSI JOIN, Lookup JOIN, and Index JOIN.

Prerequisites

For you to select data from keyspace or expression, you must have the query_select privilege on that keyspace. For more details about user roles, see Authorization.

Syntax

join-clause ::= from-term ( ansi-join-clause | lookup-join-clause | index-join-clause )

FROM Term

The FROM term is a keyspace reference or expression which defines the input object(s) for the query, representing the left-hand side of the JOIN clause.

The FROM term is recursive, which enables you to chain the JOIN clause with any of the terms which are permitted in the FROM clause, including other JOIN clauses. For more information, see the page on the FROM clause.

There are restrictions on what types of FROM terms may be chained and in what order — see the descriptions on this page for more details.

A summary of the different types of FROM term is given in the following table.

Type Example

Type	Example
keyspace identifier	`travel-sample`
generic expression	`20+10 AS Total`
subquery	SELECT t1.country, ARRAY_AGG(t1.city), SUM(t1.city_cnt) AS apnum FROM ( SELECT city, city_cnt, ARRAY_AGG(airportname) AS apnames, country FROM `travel-sample` WHERE type = "airport" GROUP BY city, country LETTING city_cnt = COUNT(city) ) AS t1 WHERE t1.city_cnt > 5;
previous join, nest, or unnest	SELECT * FROM `travel-sample` AS rte JOIN `travel-sample` AS aln ON rte.airlineid = META(aln).id NEST `travel-sample` AS lmk ON aln.landmarkid = META(lmk).id;

keyspace identifier

`travel-sample`

generic expression

20+10 AS Total

subquery

SELECT t1.country, ARRAY_AGG(t1.city), SUM(t1.city_cnt) AS apnum
FROM (
  SELECT city, city_cnt, ARRAY_AGG(airportname) AS apnames, country
  FROM `travel-sample`
  WHERE type = "airport"
  GROUP BY city, country
  LETTING city_cnt = COUNT(city)
) AS t1
WHERE t1.city_cnt > 5;

previous join, nest, or unnest

SELECT *
FROM `travel-sample` AS rte
JOIN `travel-sample` AS aln
  ON rte.airlineid = META(aln).id
NEST `travel-sample` AS lmk
  ON aln.landmarkid = META(lmk).id;

ANSI JOIN Clause

Purpose

To be closer to standard SQL syntax, ANSI JOIN can join arbitrary fields of the documents and can be chained together.

ANSI JOIN and ANSI NEST clauses have much more flexible functionality than their earlier INDEX and LOOKUP equivalents. Since these are standard compliant and more flexible, we recommend you to use ANSI JOIN and ANSI NEST exclusively, where possible.

Syntax

ansi-join-clause ::= [ ansi-join-type ] JOIN ansi-join-rhs [ ansi-join-hints ] ansi-join-predicate

Join Type

ansi-join-type ::= INNER | ( LEFT [ OUTER ] ) | ( RIGHT [ OUTER ] )

This clause represents the type of ANSI join.

INNER: For each joined object produced, both the left-hand side and right-hand side source objects of the ON clause must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.
LEFT [OUTER]: [Query Service interprets LEFT as LEFT OUTER]

For each joined object produced, only the left-hand source objects of the ON clause must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.
RIGHT [OUTER]: [Query Service interprets RIGHT as RIGHT OUTER]

For each joined object produced, only the right-hand source objects of the ON clause must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.

This clause is optional. If omitted, the default is INNER.

The following table summarizes the ANSI join types currently supported, and describes how you may chain them together.

Join Type Remarks Example

Join Type	Remarks	Example
[INNER] JOIN ... ON	INNER JOIN and LEFT OUTER JOIN can be mixed in any number and/or order.	SELECT * FROM `travel-sample` r JOIN `travel-sample` a ON r.airlineid = META(a).id WHERE a.country = "France"
LEFT [OUTER] JOIN ... ON	SELECT * FROM `travel-sample` r LEFT JOIN `travel-sample` a ON r.airlineid = META(a).id WHERE r.sourceairport = "SFO"
RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN ... ON	RIGHT OUTER JOIN can only be the first join specified in a FROM clause.	SELECT * FROM `travel-sample` r RIGHT JOIN `travel-sample` a ON r.airlineid = META(a).id WHERE r.sourceairport = "SFO"

[INNER] JOIN ... ON

INNER JOIN and LEFT OUTER JOIN can be mixed in any number and/or order.

SELECT *
FROM `travel-sample` r
JOIN `travel-sample` a
ON r.airlineid = META(a).id
WHERE a.country = "France"

LEFT [OUTER] JOIN ... ON

SELECT *
FROM `travel-sample` r
LEFT JOIN `travel-sample` a
ON r.airlineid = META(a).id
WHERE r.sourceairport = "SFO"

RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN ... ON

RIGHT OUTER JOIN can only be the first join specified in a FROM clause.

SELECT *
FROM `travel-sample` r
RIGHT JOIN `travel-sample` a
ON r.airlineid = META(a).id
WHERE r.sourceairport = "SFO"

In Couchbase Server 6.5 and later, if you create either of the following:

A LEFT OUTER JOIN where all the NULL or MISSING results on the right-hand side are filtered out by the WHERE clause or by the ON clause of a subsequent INNER JOIN, or
A RIGHT OUTER JOIN where all the NULL or MISSING results on the left-hand side are filtered out by the WHERE clause or by the ON clause of a subsequent INNER JOIN,

Then the query is transformed internally into an INNER JOIN for greater efficiency.

Join Predicate

ansi-join-predicate ::= ON expr

expr: Boolean expression representing the join condition between the left-hand side FROM Term and the ANSI JOIN Right-Hand Side. This expression may contain fields, constant expressions, or any complex N1QL expression.

Limitations

A RIGHT OUTER join is only supported when it’s the only join in the query; or when it’s the first join in a chain of joins.
No mixing of ANSI join syntax with lookup or index join syntax in the same FROM clause.
If the right-hand side of an ANSI join is a keyspace reference, then for the nested-loop join method an appropriate secondary index must exist on the right-hand side keyspace; for the hash join method, a primary index can be used.
Adaptive indexes are not considered when selecting indexes on inner side of the join.

Examples

Example 1. Inner Join

List the source airports and airlines that fly into SFO, where only the non-null route documents join with matching airline documents.

SELECT route.airlineid, airline.name, route.sourceairport, route.destinationairport
FROM `travel-sample` route
INNER JOIN `travel-sample` airline
ON route.airlineid = META(airline).id
WHERE route.type = "route"
AND route.destinationairport = "SFO"
ORDER BY route.sourceairport;

Results

[
  {
    "airlineid": "airline_5209",
    "destinationairport": "SFO",
    "name": "United Airlines",
    "sourceairport": "ABQ"
  },
  {
    "airlineid": "airline_5209",
    "destinationairport": "SFO",
    "name": "United Airlines",
    "sourceairport": "ACV"
  },
  {
    "airlineid": "airline_5209",
    "destinationairport": "SFO",
    "name": "United Airlines",
    "sourceairport": "AKL"
  },
...
]

Example 2. Left Outer Join of U.S. airports in the same city as a landmark

List the airports and landmarks in the same city, ordered by the airports.

SELECT DISTINCT  MIN(aport.airportname) AS Airport__Name,
                 MIN(lmark.name) AS Landmark_Name,
                 MIN(aport.tz) AS Landmark_Time
FROM `travel-sample` aport
LEFT JOIN `travel-sample` lmark
  ON aport.city = lmark.city
  AND lmark.country = "United States"
  AND lmark.type = "landmark"
WHERE aport.type = "airport"
GROUP BY lmark.name
ORDER BY lmark.name;

Results

[
  {
    "Airport__Name": "San Francisco Intl",
    "Landmark_Name": "&quot;Hippie Temptation&quot; house",
    "Landmark_Time": "America/Los_Angeles"
  },
  {
    "Airport__Name": "Los Angeles Intl",
    "Landmark_Name": "101 Coffee Shop",
    "Landmark_Time": "America/Los_Angeles"
  },
  {
    "Airport__Name": "San Francisco Intl",
    "Landmark_Name": "1015",
    "Landmark_Time": "America/Los_Angeles"
  },
  {
    "Airport__Name": "San Francisco Intl",
    "Landmark_Name": "1235 Masonic Ave",
    "Landmark_Time": "America/Los_Angeles"
  },
...
]

Example 3. RIGHT OUTER JOIN of Example 2

List the airports and landmarks in the same city, ordered by the landmarks.

The LEFT OUTER JOIN will list all left-side results regardless of matching right-side documents; while the RIGHT OUTER JOIN will list all right-side results regardless of matching left-side documents.

SELECT DISTINCT  MIN(aport.airportname) AS Airport_Name,
                 MIN(lmark.name) AS Landmark_Name,
                 MIN(aport.tz) AS Landmark_Time
FROM `travel-sample` aport
RIGHT JOIN `travel-sample` lmark
  ON aport.city = lmark.city
  AND aport.type = "airport"
  AND aport.country = "United States"
WHERE lmark.type = "landmark"
GROUP BY lmark.name
ORDER BY lmark.name;

Results

[
  {
    "Airport_Name": "San Francisco Intl",
    "Landmark_Name": "&quot;Hippie Temptation&quot; house",
    "Landmark_Time": "America/Los_Angeles"
  },
  {
    "Airport_Name": "London-Corbin Airport-MaGee Field",
    "Landmark_Name": "02 Shepherd's Bush Empire",
    "Landmark_Time": "America/New_York"
  },
  {
    "Airport_Name": "Los Angeles Intl",
    "Landmark_Name": "101 Coffee Shop",
    "Landmark_Time": "America/Los_Angeles"
  },
  {
    "Airport_Name": "San Francisco Intl",
    "Landmark_Name": "1015",
    "Landmark_Time": "America/Los_Angeles"
  },
...
]

Example 4. Inner Join with Covering Index

In the `beer-sample` bucket, use an ANSI JOIN to list the beer names and breweries that are in the state Wisconsin (WI). First, create an index with beer.brewery_id as the leading key.

CREATE INDEX beer_brewery ON `beer-sample` (brewery_id)
WHERE type = "beer"

SELECT META(brewery).id bid, META(beer).id, brewery.name brewery_name,
       beer.name beer_name
FROM `beer-sample` brewery
JOIN `beer-sample` beer
  ON beer.brewery_id = LOWER(REPLACE(brewery.name, " ", "_"))
WHERE beer.type = "beer"
  AND brewery.type = "brewery"
  AND brewery.state = "WI";

Results

[
  {
    "beer_name": "Dank",
    "bid": "oso",
    "brewery_name": "Oso",
    "id": "oso-dank"
  }
]

Visual Explain Plan:

If you add name as the second index key to the beer_brewery index:

CREATE INDEX beer_brewery_name ON `beer-sample` (brewery_id, name)
WHERE type = "beer"

... then you will get covering index scan, as shown in the Visual Explain Plan:

ANSI JOIN Right-Hand Side

ansi-join-rhs ::= rhs-keyspace | rhs-subquery | rhs-generic

rhs-keyspace | rhs-subquery | rhs-generic

In Couchbase Server 6.5 and later, the right-hand side of an ANSI join may be a keyspace reference, a subquery, or a generic expression term.

Right-Hand Side Keyspace

rhs-keyspace ::= keyspace-ref [ [ AS ] alias ]

Keyspace Reference

Keyspace reference for the right-hand side of the ANSI join. For details, see Keyspace Reference.

AS Alias

Assigns another name to the keyspace reference. For details, see AS Clause.

Assigning an alias to the keyspace reference is optional. If you assign an alias to the keyspace reference, the AS keyword may be omitted.

Right-Hand Side Subquery

rhs-subquery ::= subquery-expr [ AS ] alias

Subquery Expression

Use parentheses to specify a subquery for the right-hand side of the ANSI join. For details, see Subquery Expression.

A subquery on the right-hand side of the ANSI join cannot be correlated, i.e. it cannot refer to a keyspace in the outer query block. This will lead to an error.

AS Alias

Assigns another name to the subquery. For details, see AS Clause.

You must assign an alias to a subquery on the right-hand side of the join. However, when you assign an alias to the subquery, the AS keyword may be omitted.

Right-Hand Side Generic Expression

rhs-generic ::= expr [ AS ] alias

Expression Term

A N1QL expression generating JSON documents or objects for the right-hand side of the ANSI join.

An expression on the right-hand side of the ANSI join may be correlated, i.e. it may refer to a keyspace on the left-hand side of the join. In this case, only a nested-loop join may be used.

AS Alias

Assigns another name to the generic expression. For details, see AS Clause.

You must assign an alias to a generic expression on the right-hand side of the join. However, when you assign an alias to the generic expression, the AS keyword may be omitted.

Examples

Example 5. Inner Join with Subquery on Right-Hand Side

Find the destination airport of all routes in the travel-sample keyspace whose source airport is in San Francisco.

SELECT DISTINCT route.destinationairport
FROM `travel-sample` airport JOIN (
  SELECT destinationairport, sourceairport
  FROM `travel-sample`
  WHERE type="route"
) AS route
ON airport.faa = route.sourceairport
WHERE airport.type = "airport"
AND airport.city = "San Francisco";

Results

[
  {
    "destinationairport": "HKG"
  },
  {
    "destinationairport": "ICN"
  },
  {
    "destinationairport": "ATL"
  },
  {
    "destinationairport": "BJX"
  },
  {
    "destinationairport": "GDL"
  },
...
]

Example 6. Inner Join with Generic Expression on Right-Hand Side

Find the destination airport of all routes in the given array whose source airport is in San Francisco.

SELECT DISTINCT route.destinationairport
FROM `travel-sample` airport JOIN [
  {"destinationairport": "KEF", "sourceairport": "SFO", "type": "route"},
  {"destinationairport": "KEF", "sourceairport": "LHR", "type": "route"}
] AS route
ON airport.faa = route.sourceairport AND route.type = "route"
WHERE airport.type = "airport"
AND airport.city = "San Francisco";

Results

[
  {
    "destinationairport": "KEF"
  }
]

ANSI JOIN Hints

ansi-join-hints ::= use-hash-hint | use-nl-hint | multiple-hints

Couchbase Server Enterprise Edition supports two join methods for performing ANSI join: nested-loop join and hash join. Two corresponding join hints are introduced: USE HASH and USE NL.

The ANSI join hints are similar to the USE INDEX or USE KEYS hints. The ANSI join hints can be specified after the right-hand side of an ANSI join specification.

The join hint for the first join should be specified on the first join’s right-hand side, and the join hint for the second join should be specified on the second join’s right-hand side, etc. If a join hint is specified on the first FROM term, i.e. the first join’s left-hand side, an error is returned.

Default Join Method

In Enterprise Edition, for an ANSI join with a subquery or a generic expression as the right-hand side, the default method is hash. In this case:

The subquery or expression on the right-hand side of the join is used as the build side of the hash join. If USE HASH(PROBE) is specified, then the expression or subquery will be used as the probe side of the hash join.
If an expression on the right-hand side is correlated, a nested-loop join is used. (If a subquery on the right-hand side is correlated, the query returns an error.)
If a hash join is not feasible or not supported, or if the USE NL hint is specified, a nested-loop join is used.

For other types of join, the default method is nested-loop. In this case:

Hash join is only considered when the USE HASH hint is specified, and it requires at least one equality predicate between the left-hand side and right-hand side.
If the join meets these conditions, hash join is used. If the hash join cannot be generated, then the planner will further consider nested-loop join, and will either generate a nested-loop join or return an error for the join.
If no join hint is specified, or the USE NL hint is specified, then nested-loop join is considered.

For Community Edition (CE), only nested-loop join is considered by the planner, and any specified USE HASH hint will be silently ignored.

USE HASH Hint

use-hash-hint ::= USE use-hash-term

use-hash-term ::= HASH '(' ( BUILD | PROBE ) ')'

There are two versions of the USE HASH hint:

USE HASH(BUILD) — The right-hand side of the join is to be used as the build side.
USE HASH(PROBE) — The right-hand side of the join is to be used as the probe side.

A hash join has two sides: a build side and a probe side. The build side of the join will be used to create an in-memory hash table. The probe side will use that table to find matches and perform the join. Typically, this means you want the build side to be used on the smaller of the two sets. However, you can only supply one hash hint, and only to the right side of the join. So if you specify BUILD on the right side, then you are implicitly using PROBE on the left side (and vice versa).

Example 7. USE HASH with PROBE

The keyspace aline is to be joined (with rte) using hash join, and aline is used as the probe side of the hash join.

SELECT COUNT(1) AS Total_Count
FROM `travel-sample` rte
INNER JOIN `travel-sample` aline
USE HASH (PROBE)
ON (rte.airlineid = META(aline).id)
WHERE rte.type = "route";

Results

[
  {
    "Total_Count": 17629
  }
]

Example 8. USE HASH with BUILD

This is effectively the same query as the previous example, except the two keyspaces are switched, and here the USE HASH(BUILD) hint is used, indicating the hash join should use rte as the build side.

SELECT COUNT(1) AS Total_Count
FROM `travel-sample` aline
INNER JOIN `travel-sample` rte
USE HASH (BUILD)
ON (rte.airlineid = META(aline).id)
WHERE rte.type = "route";

Results

[
  {
    "Total_Count": 17629
  }
]

USE NL Hint

use-nl-hint ::= USE use-nl-term

use-nl-term ::= NL

This join hint instructs the planner to use nested-loop join (NL join) for the join being considered.

Example 9. USE NL

SELECT COUNT(1) AS Total_Count
FROM `travel-sample` rte
INNER JOIN `travel-sample` aline
USE NL
ON (rte.airlineid = META(aline).id)
WHERE rte.type = "route";

Multiple Hints

multiple-hints ::= USE ( ansi-hint-terms other-hint-terms ) | ( other-hint-terms ansi-hint-terms )

ansi-hint-terms ::= use-hash-term | use-nl-term

other-hint-terms ::= use-index-term | use-keys-term

You can use only one join hint (USE HASH or USE NL) together with only one other hint (USE INDEX or USE KEYS) for a total of two hints. The order of the two hints doesn’t matter.

When multiple hints are being specified, use only one USE keyword with one following the other, as in the following examples.

Example 10. USE INDEX with USE HASH

SELECT COUNT(1) AS Total_Count
FROM `travel-sample` rte
INNER JOIN `travel-sample` aline
USE INDEX idx1 HASH (PROBE)
ON (rte.airlineid = META(aline).id)
WHERE rte.type = "route";

Example 11. USE HASH with USE KEYS

SELECT COUNT(1) AS Total_Count
FROM `travel-sample` rte
INNER JOIN `travel-sample` aline
USE HASH (PROBE) KEYS ["airline_key1", "airline_key2", "airline_key3"]
ON (rte.airlineid = META(aline).id)
WHERE rte.type = "route";

When chosen, the hash join will always work; the restrictions are on any USE KEYS hint clause:

Must not depend on any previous keyspaces.
The expression must be constants, host variables, etc.
Must not contain any subqueries.

If the USE KEYS hint contains references to other keyspaces or subqueries, then the USE HASH hint will be ignored and nested-loop join will be used instead.

ANSI JOIN and Arrays

ANSI JOIN provides great flexibility since the ON clause of an ANSI JOIN can be any expression as long as it evaluates to TRUE or FALSE. Below are different join scenarios involving arrays and ways to handle each scenario.

These buckets and indexes will be used throughout this section’s array scenarios. As a convention, when a field name starts with a it is an array, so each bucket has two array fields and two regular fields. Also, both _idx1 indexes index each element of its array, while both _idx2 indexes use its entire array as the index key.

bucket b1 (a11, a12, c11, c12)

bucket b2 (a21, a22, c21, c22)

CREATE INDEX b1_idx1 ON b1 (c11, c12, DISTINCT a11);
CREATE INDEX b1_idx2 ON b1 (a12);
CREATE INDEX b2_idx1 ON b2 (c21, c22, DISTINCT a21);
CREATE INDEX b2_idx2 ON b2 (a22);

ANSI JOIN with No Arrays

In this scenario, there is no involvement of arrays in the join. These are just straight-forward joins:

SELECT *
FROM b1
JOIN b2
  ON b1.c11 = b2.c21
  AND b2.c22 = 100
WHERE b1.c12 = 10;

Here the joins are using non-array fields of each keyspace.

The following case also falls in this scenario:

SELECT *
FROM b1
JOIN b2
  ON b1.c11 = b2.c21
  AND b2.c22 = 100
  AND ANY v IN b2.a21 SATISFIES v = 10 END
WHERE b1.c12 = 10;

In this example, although there is an ANY predicate on the right-hand side array b2.a21, the ANY predicate does not involve any joins, and thus, as far as the join is concerned, it is still a 1-to-1 join. Similarly:

SELECT *
FROM b1
JOIN b2
  ON b1.c11 = b2.c21
WHERE b1.c11 = 10
  AND b1.c12 = 100
  AND ANY v IN b1.a11 SATISFIES v = 20 END;

In this case the ANY predicate is on the left-hand side array b1.a11; however, similar to above, the ANY predicate does not involve any joins, and thus the join is still 1-to-1. We can even have ANY predicates on both sides:

SELECT *
FROM b1
JOIN b2
  ON b1.c11 = b2.c21
  AND b2.c22 = 100
  AND ANY v IN b2.a21 SATISFIES v = 10 END
WHERE b1.c11 = 10
  AND b1.c12 = 100
  AND ANY v IN b1.a11 SATISFIES v = 10 END;

Again, the ANY predicates do not involve any join, and the join is still 1-to-1.

ANSI JOIN with Entire Array as Index Key

As a special case, it is possible to perform ANSI JOIN on an entire array as a join key:

SELECT *
FROM b1
JOIN b2
  ON b1.a21 = b2.a22
WHERE b1.c11 = 10
  AND b1.c12 = 100;

In this case, the entire array must match each other for the join to work. For all practical purposes, the array here is treated as a scalar since there is no logic to iterate through elements of an array here. The entire array is used as an index key (b2_idx2) and as such, an entire array is used as an index span to probe the index. The join here can also be considered as 1-to-1.

ANSI JOIN Involving Right-Hand Side Arrays

In this scenario, the join involves an array on the right-hand side keyspace:

SELECT *
FROM b1
JOIN b2
  ON b2.c21 = 10
  AND b2.c22 = 100
  AND ANY v IN b2.a21 SATISFIES v = b1.c12 END
WHERE b1.c11 = 10;

In this case, the ANY predicate involves a join, and thus, effectively we are joining b1 with elements of the b2.a21 array. This now becomes a 1-to-many join. Note that we use an ANY clause for this scenario since it’s a natural extension of the existing support for array indexes; the only difference is for index span generation, we now can have a potential join expression. Array indexes can be used for join in this scenario.

ANSI JOIN Involving Left-Hand Side Arrays

This is a slightly more complex scenario, where the array reference is on the left-hand side of the join, and it’s a many-to-1 join. There are two alternative ways to handle the scenario where the array appears on the left-hand side of the join.

Use UNNEST

This alternative will flatten the left-hand side array first, before performing the join:

SELECT *
FROM b1 UNNEST b1.a12 AS ba1
JOIN b2
  ON ba1 = b2.c22
  AND b2.c21 = 10
WHERE b1.c11 = 10
  AND b1.c12 = 100;

The UNNEST operation is used to flatten the array, turning one left-hand side document into multiple documents; and then for each one of them, join with the right-hand side. This way, by the time join is being performed, it is a regular join, since the array is already flattened in the UNNEST step.

Use IN clause

This alternative uses the IN clause to handle the array:

SELECT *
FROM b1
JOIN b2
  ON b2.c22 IN b1.a12 AND b2.c21 = 10
WHERE b1.c11 = 10 AND b1.c12 = 100;

By using the IN clause, the right-hand side field value can match any of the elements of the left-hand side array. Conceptually, we are using each element of the left-hand side array to probe the right-hand side index.

Differences Between the Two Alternatives

There is a semantical difference between the two alternatives. With UNNEST, we are first turning one left-hand side document into multiple documents and then performing the join. With IN-clause, there is still only one left-hand side document, which can then join with one or more right-hand side documents. Thus:

If the array contains duplicate values,
- the UNNEST method treats each duplicate as an individual value and thus duplicated results will be returned;
- the IN clause method will not duplicate the result.
If no duplicate values exists and we are performing inner join,
- then the two alternatives will likely give the same result.
If outer join is performed, assuming there are N elements in the left-hand side array, and assuming there is at most one matching document from the right-hand side for each element of the array,
- the UNNEST method will produce N result documents;
- the IN clause method may produce < N result documents if some of the array elements do not have matching right-hand side documents.

ANSI JOIN with Arrays on Both Sides

If the join involves arrays on both sides, then we can combine the approaches above, i.e., using ANY clause to handle the right-hand side array and either UNNEST or IN clause to handle the left-hand side array. For example:

SELECT *
FROM b1
UNNEST b1.a12 AS ba1
  JOIN b2
    ON ANY v IN b2.a21 SATISFIES v = ba1 END
    AND b2.c21 = 10
    AND b2.c22 = 100
WHERE b1.c11 = 10
  AND b1.c12 = 100;

SELECT *
FROM b1
JOIN b2
  ON ANY v IN b2.a21 SATISFIES v IN b1.a12 END
  AND b2.c21 = 10
  AND b2.c22 = 100
WHERE b1.c11 = 10
  AND b1.c12 = 100;

Lookup JOIN Clause

Purpose

Lookup joins allow only left-to-right joins, which means the ON KEYS expression must produce a document key which is then used to retrieve documents from the right-hand side keyspace. Couchbase Server version 4.1 and earlier supported only lookup joins.

Syntax

lookup-join-clause ::= [ lookup-join-type ] JOIN lookup-join-rhs lookup-join-predicate

Join Type

lookup-join-type ::= INNER | ( LEFT [ OUTER ] )

This clause represents the type of join.

INNER: For each joined object produced, both the left-hand and right-hand source objects must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.
LEFT [OUTER]: [Query Service interprets LEFT as LEFT OUTER]

For each joined object produced, only the left-hand source objects must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.

This clause is optional. If omitted, the default is INNER.

Join Right-Hand Side

lookup-join-rhs ::= keyspace-ref [ [ AS ] alias ]

Keyspace Reference

Keyspace reference for the right-hand side of the lookup join. For details, see Keyspace Reference.

The right-hand side of a lookup join must be a keyspace. Expressions, subqueries, or other join combinations cannot be on the right-hand side of a lookup join.

AS Alias

Assigns another name to the right-hand side of the lookup join. For details, see AS Clause.

Assigning an alias to the keyspace reference is optional. If you assign an alias to the keyspace reference, the AS keyword may be omitted.

Join Predicate

lookup-join-predicate ::= ON [ PRIMARY ] KEYS expr

The ON KEYS expression produces a document key or array of document keys for the right-hand side of the lookup join.

expr: [Required] String or expression representing the primary keys of the documents for the right-hand side keyspace.

Return Values

If LEFT or LEFT OUTER is specified, then a left outer join is performed.

At least one joined object is produced for each left-hand source object.

If the right-hand source object is NULL or MISSING, then the joined object’s right-hand side value is also NULL or MISSING (omitted), respectively.

Limitations

Lookup JOINs can be chained with other lookup joins/nests or index joins/nests, but they cannot be mixed with an ANSI JOIN or ANSI NEST.

Examples

Example 12. Route JOIN airline ON KEYS route.airlineid

List all airlines and non-stop routes from SFO in the travel-sample keyspace.

SELECT DISTINCT airline.name, airline.callsign, route.destinationairport, route.stops, route.airline
FROM `travel-sample` route
  JOIN `travel-sample` airline
  ON KEYS route.airlineid
WHERE route.type = "route"
AND airline.type = "airline"
AND route.sourceairport = "SFO"
AND route.stops = 0
LIMIT 4;

Results

[
  {
    "airline": "VX",
    "callsign": "REDWOOD",
    "destinationairport": "SAN",
    "name": "Virgin America",
    "stops": 0
  },
  {
    "airline": "VX",
    "callsign": "REDWOOD",
    "destinationairport": "PHL",
    "name": "Virgin America",
    "stops": 0
  },
  {
    "airline": "B6",
    "callsign": "JETBLUE",
    "destinationairport": "FLL",
    "name": "JetBlue Airways",
    "stops": 0
  },
  {
    "airline": "UA",
    "callsign": "UNITED",
    "destinationairport": "IND",
    "name": "United Airlines",
    "stops": 0
  }
]

Example 13. Route JOIN airline ON KEYS route.airlineid

List the schedule of flights from Boston to San Francisco on JETBLUE in the travel-sample keyspace.

SELECT DISTINCT airline.name, route.schedule
FROM `travel-sample` route
  JOIN `travel-sample` airline
  ON KEYS route.airlineid
WHERE route.type = "route"
AND airline.type = "airline"
AND route.sourceairport = "BOS"
AND route.destinationairport = "SFO"
AND airline.callsign = "JETBLUE";

Results

[
  {
    "name": "JetBlue Airways",
    "schedule": [
      {
        "day": 0,
        "flight": "B6076",
        "utc": "10:15:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 0,
        "flight": "B6321",
        "utc": "00:06:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 1,
        "flight": "B6536",
        "utc": "22:45:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 1,
        "flight": "B6194",
        "utc": "00:51:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 2,
        "flight": "B6918",
        "utc": "23:45:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 2,
        "flight": "B6451",
        "utc": "18:09:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 2,
        "flight": "B6868",
        "utc": "22:04:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 2,
        "flight": "B6621",
        "utc": "11:04:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 3,
        "flight": "B6015",
        "utc": "16:59:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 3,
        "flight": "B6668",
        "utc": "07:22:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 3,
        "flight": "B6188",
        "utc": "01:41:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 3,
        "flight": "B6215",
        "utc": "19:35:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 4,
        "flight": "B6371",
        "utc": "21:37:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 4,
        "flight": "B6024",
        "utc": "10:24:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 4,
        "flight": "B6749",
        "utc": "01:12:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 4,
        "flight": "B6170",
        "utc": "01:14:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 5,
        "flight": "B6613",
        "utc": "08:59:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 5,
        "flight": "B6761",
        "utc": "15:24:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 5,
        "flight": "B6162",
        "utc": "02:42:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 5,
        "flight": "B6341",
        "utc": "21:26:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 5,
        "flight": "B6347",
        "utc": "08:43:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 6,
        "flight": "B6481",
        "utc": "22:08:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 6,
        "flight": "B6549",
        "utc": "21:48:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 6,
        "flight": "B6994",
        "utc": "11:30:00"
      },
      {
        "day": 6,
        "flight": "B6892",
        "utc": "13:27:00"
      }
    ]
  }
]

Index JOIN Clause

Purpose

Index JOINs allow you to flip the direction of your join clause. When Lookup JOINs cannot efficiently join left-hand side documents with right-to-left joins, and your situation cannot be flipped because your predicate needs to be on the left-hand side (such as Example 12 above where airline documents have no reference to route documents), then Index JOINs can be used efficiently without making a Cartesian product of all route documents.

For index joins, the syntax uses ON KEY (singular) instead of ON KEYS (plural). This is because an Index JOIN’s ON KEY expression must produce a scalar value; whereas a Lookup JOIN’s ON KEYS expression can produce either a scalar or an array value.

Syntax

index-join-clause ::= [ index-join-type ] JOIN index-join-rhs index-join-predicate

Join Type

index-join-type ::= INNER | ( LEFT [ OUTER ] )

This clause represents the type of join.

INNER: For each joined object produced, both the left-hand and right-hand source objects must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.
LEFT [OUTER]: [Query Service interprets LEFT as LEFT OUTER]

For each joined object produced, only the left-hand source objects must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.

This clause is optional. If omitted, the default is INNER.

Join Right-Hand Side

index-join-rhs ::= keyspace-ref [ [ AS ] alias ]

Keyspace Reference

Keyspace reference for right-hand side of an index join. For details, see Keyspace Reference.

The right-hand side of an index join must be a keyspace. Expressions, subqueries, or other join combinations cannot be on the right-hand side of an index join.

AS Alias

Assigns another name to the right-hand side of the index join. For details, see AS Clause.

Assigning an alias to the keyspace reference is optional. If you assign an alias to the keyspace reference, the AS keyword may be omitted.

Join Predicate

index-join-predicate ::= ON [ PRIMARY ] KEY expr FOR alias

expr

Expression in the form rhs-expression.lhs-expression-key:

rhs-expression: Keyspace reference for the right-hand side of the index join.
lhs-expression-key: String or expression representing the attribute in rhs-expression and referencing the document key for alias.

alias

Keyspace reference for the left-hand side of the index join.

Examples

Example 14. Use INDEX join to flip the direction of Example 12 above

Consider the query below, similar to Example 12 above with route and airline documents, where route.airlineid is the document key of route documents and airline documents have no reference to route documents:

SELECT DISTINCT airline.name, airline.callsign, route.destinationairport,
 route.stops, route.airline
FROM `travel-sample` route
  JOIN `travel-sample` airline
  ON KEYS route.airlineid
WHERE route.type = "route"
AND airline.type = "airline"
AND airline.icao = "SEA"
LIMIT 4;

This query gets a list of Seattle (SEA) flights, but getting SEA flights cannot be efficiently executed without making a Cartesian product of all route documents (left-hand side) with all airline documents (right-hand side).

This query cannot use any index on airline to directly access SEA flights because airline is on the right-hand side.

Also, you cannot rewrite the query to put the airline document on the left-hand side (to use any index) and the route document on the right-hand side because the airline documents (on the left-hand side) have no primary keys to access the route documents (on the right-hand side).

Using index joins, the same query can be written as:

Required Index

CREATE INDEX route_airlineid ON `travel-sample`(airlineid) WHERE type="route";

Optional Index

CREATE INDEX airline_icao ON `travel-sample`(icao) WHERE type="airline";

Query

SELECT * FROM `travel-sample` airline
  JOIN `travel-sample` route
  ON KEY route.airlineid FOR airline
WHERE route.type="route"
AND airline.type="airline"
AND airline.icao = "SEA";

If you generalize the same query, it looks like the following:

CREATE INDEX on-key-for-index-name rhs-expression (lhs-expression-key);

SELECT projection-list
FROM lhs-expression
JOIN rhs-expression
  ON KEY rhs-expression.lhs-expression-key FOR lhs-expression
[ WHERE predicates ] ;

There are three important changes in the index scan syntax example above:

CREATE INDEX on the ON KEY expression route.airlineid to access route documents using airlineid, which are produced on the left-hand side.
The ON KEY route.airlineid FOR airline enables N1QL to use the index route.airlineid.
Create any optional index such as route.airline that can be used on airline (left-hand side).

Example 15. ON KEY ... FOR

The following example counts the number of distinct "AA" airline routes for each airport after creating the following index, if not already created.

CREATE INDEX route_airlineid ON `travel-sample`(airlineid) WHERE type="route";

SELECT Count(DISTINCT route.sourceairport) AS DistinctAirports
FROM `travel-sample` airline
  JOIN `travel-sample` route
  ON KEY route.airlineid FOR airline
WHERE route.type = "route"
AND airline.type = "airline"
AND airline.iata = "AA";

Results

[
  {
    "DistinctAirports": 429
  }
]

Appendix: Summary of JOIN Types

ANSI

Left-Hand Side (lhs)	Any field or expression that produces a value that will be matched on the right-hand side.
Right-Hand Side (rhs)	Anything that can have a proper index on the join expression.
Syntax	lhs-expr JOIN rhs-keyspace ON any join condition
Example	SELECT * FROM `travel-sample` r JOIN `travel-sample` a ON r.airlineid = META(a).id

Left-Hand Side (lhs)

Any field or expression that produces a value that will be matched on the right-hand side.

Right-Hand Side (rhs)

Anything that can have a proper index on the join expression.

Syntax

lhs-expr
JOIN rhs-keyspace
ON any join condition

Example

SELECT *
FROM `travel-sample` r
JOIN `travel-sample` a
ON r.airlineid = META(a).id

Lookup

Left-Hand Side (lhs)	Must produce a Document Key for the right-hand side.
Right-Hand Side (rhs)	Must have a Document Key.
Syntax	lhs-expr JOIN rhs-keyspace ON KEYS lhs-expr.foreign_key
Example	SELECT * FROM `travel-sample` r JOIN `travel-sample` ON KEYS r.airlineid

Left-Hand Side (lhs)

Must produce a Document Key for the right-hand side.

Right-Hand Side (rhs)

Must have a Document Key.

Syntax

lhs-expr
JOIN rhs-keyspace
ON KEYS lhs-expr.foreign_key

Example

SELECT *
FROM `travel-sample` r
JOIN `travel-sample`
ON KEYS r.airlineid

Index

Left-Hand Side (lhs)	Must produce a key for the right-hand side index.
Right-Hand Side (rhs)	Must have a proper index on the field or expression that maps to the Document Key of the left-hand side.
Syntax	lhs-keyspace JOIN rhs-keyspace ON KEY rhs-kspace.idx_key FOR lhs-keyspace
Example	SELECT * FROM `travel-sample` a JOIN `travel-sample` r ON KEY r.airlineid FOR a

Left-Hand Side (lhs)

Must produce a key for the right-hand side index.

Right-Hand Side (rhs)

Must have a proper index on the field or expression that maps to the Document Key of the left-hand side.

Syntax

lhs-keyspace
JOIN rhs-keyspace
ON KEY rhs-kspace.idx_key
FOR lhs-keyspace

Example

SELECT *
FROM `travel-sample` a
JOIN `travel-sample` r
ON KEY r.airlineid
FOR a